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Quick Reference ​

Cheat sheet — articles, pronouns, prepositions, contractions, and case rules at a glance.

Maskulin Feminin Neutrum Plural

Definite articles (der/die/das) ​

"The" in German changes based on gender AND case. This is the most important table in German grammar.
CaseMaskulinFemininNeutrumPlural
Nominativderdiedasdie
Akkusativdendiedasdie
Dativdemderdemden +n
Only maskulin changes in Akkusativ (der→den). In Dativ, ALL genders change. The masculine pattern r→n→m is your best friend.

Indefinite articles (ein/eine) ​

"A/an" in German. No plural form (you just drop the article).
CaseMaskulinFemininNeutrum
Nominativeineineein
Akkusativeineneineein
Dativeinemeinereinem
Same pattern as definite: only maskulin changes in Akkusativ (ein→einen). All change in Dativ. Endings match: der/ein, den/einen, dem/einem.

Negative articles (kein/keine) ​

"No/not a" — follows same pattern as ein/eine but HAS a plural form.
CaseMaskulinFemininNeutrumPlural
Nominativkeinkeinekeinkeine
Akkusativkeinenkeinekeinkeine
Dativkeinemkeinerkeinemkeinen +n
kein declines exactly like ein, except it has plural forms (keine/keine/keinen).

Personal pronouns ​

These replace nouns. The three forms you use most: Nominativ (subject), Akkusativ (direct object), Dativ (indirect object).
PersonNom.Akk.Dat.English
1sgichmichmirI / me
2sg inf.dudichdiryou (informal)
3sg m.erihnihmhe / him
3sg f.siesieihrshe / her
3sg n.esesihmit
1plwirunsunswe / us
2plihreucheuchyou (plural)
3plsiesieihnenthey / them
formalSieSieIhnenyou (formal)
The biggest changes: ich→mich→mir, du→dich→dir, er→ihn→ihm. Note: "uns" and "euch" are the same in Akk and Dat. "ihr" (Dativ of sie/she) looks like "ihr" (you plural) — context tells them apart.

Possessive pronouns — base forms ​

Show ownership. The base form changes based on WHO owns it. The ENDING changes based on gender/case of the owned noun (same endings as ein/eine).
PersonPossessiveEnglish
ichmeinmy
dudeinyour
erseinhis
sieihrher
esseinits
wirunserour
ihreueryour (pl)
sieihrtheir
SieIhryour (formal)

How possessives decline (using "mein" as example)

CaseMaskulinFemininNeutrumPlural
Nominativmeinmeinemeinmeine
Akkusativmeinenmeinemeinmeine
Dativmeinemmeinermeinemmeinen
All possessives (dein, sein, ihr, unser, euer) follow the exact same ending pattern as mein. They decline like ein/eine — same endings.

Prepositions by case ​

Quick reference for which prepositions take which case.
CasePrepositionsMnemonic / Rule
Always Akkusativfur, ohne, durch, gegen, umFODGU
Always Dativaus, bei, mit, nach, seit, von, zuSing them as a rhythm: aus-bei-mit, nach-seit, von-zu
Two-way
(Wo? = Dativ,
Wohin? = Akkusativ)
an, auf, hinter, in, neben, über, unter, vor, zwischenLocation (staying) → Dativ
Direction (going) → Akkusativ
Two-way prepositions: location (Wo? = staying there) → Dativ. Direction (Wohin? = going there) → Akkusativ.

Common contractions ​

Preposition + article fused into one word. You must use these — the full form sounds unnatural.
Contraction= Preposition + ArticleCaseExample
imin + demDativim Haus
insin + dasAkkusativins Kino
aman + demDativam Montag
ansan + dasAkkusativans Fenster
zumzu + demDativzum Arzt
zurzu + derDativzur Schule
vomvon + demDativvom Bahnhof
beimbei + demDativbeim Essen
aufsauf + dasAkkusativaufs Sofa
umsum + dasAkkusativums Haus

The case questions ​

The fastest way to identify which case to use.
Wer / Was? (Who / What does the action?)
→ Nominativ
Wen / Was? (Whom / What is acted upon?)
→ Akkusativ
Wem? (To whom?)
→ Dativ
When in doubt, try the Wem? test. If "to whom" makes sense, it's Dativ. If not, try Wen? for Akkusativ.

Verbs that take Dativ ​

These verbs LOOK like they take Akkusativ in English but always take Dativ in German. Memorize them.
VerbMeaningExample
helfento helpIch helfe ihm.
dankento thankIch danke dir.
gefallento please / likeEs gefällt mir.
gehörento belong toEs gehört ihm.
schmeckento tasteEs schmeckt mir.
fehlento be missingDu fehlst mir.
antwortento answerIch antworte ihm.
Three things to remember

(1) Only maskulin changes in Akkusativ — der→den, ein→einen.
(2) ALL genders change in Dativ — learn the masculine pattern r→n→m.
(3) After a preposition, check: is it FODGU (Akkusativ), the Dativ 7 (aus bei mit nach seit von zu), or a two-way preposition (then ask Wo or Wohin)?