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Vocab: Countries & languages — B1 ​
Countries & languages vocabulary at B1 level.
Maskulin Feminin Neutrum Plural
der Afrikaner — African man ​
Afrikaner can mean an African man or, depending on context, a member of the Afrikaner ethnic group in southern Africa. For a woman, use Afrikanerin.
Der Afrikaner arbeitet in Berlin.
The African man works in Berlin.
arbeitet means works, in Berlin means in Berlin, and Berlin is the capital city of Germany. Der Afrikaner is nominative because it is the subject; the finite verb arbeitet stands in position two.
Ich treffe den Afrikaner morgen.
I am meeting the African man tomorrow.
ich treffe means I meet, and morgen means tomorrow. Den Afrikaner is accusative because treffen takes a direct object; unlike der Affe, this noun does not add -n in the accusative.
Sie hilft dem Afrikaner bei der Arbeit.
She helps the African man with the work.
sie hilft means she helps, bei der Arbeit means with the work, and Arbeit means work. Dem Afrikaner is dative because helfen always takes a dative person; bei also governs the dative.
Das Auto des Afrikaners steht vor dem Haus.
The African man's car is in front of the house.
das Auto means the car, steht means is standing or is located, vor dem Haus means in front of the house, and Haus means house. Des Afrikaners is genitive because it shows possession, while vor dem Haus is dative because it describes a fixed location.
Viele Afrikaner studieren in Europa.
Many Africans study in Europe.
viele means many, studieren means study, and Europa means Europe. Afrikaner is the plural after viele and has no ending change; in Europa describes location and therefore uses dative.
die Afrikanerin — African woman ​
Afrikanerin is the feminine form of Afrikaner. Its plural changes -in to -innen, as in Afrikanerinnen.
Die Afrikanerin arbeitet als Ă„rztin.
The African woman works as a doctor.
arbeitet means works, als Ă„rztin means as a doctor, and Ă„rztin means female doctor. Die Afrikanerin is nominative because it is the subject; the finite verb arbeitet stands in position two.
Ich treffe die Afrikanerin heute.
I am meeting the African woman today.
ich treffe means I meet, and heute means today. Die Afrikanerin is accusative because treffen takes a direct object; feminine singular has the same article form die in nominative and accusative.
Er hilft der Afrikanerin mit dem Formular.
He helps the African woman with the form.
er hilft means he helps, mit dem Formular means with the form, and Formular means form. Der Afrikanerin is dative because helfen takes a dative person; mit also governs the dative.
Die Tasche der Afrikanerin liegt hier.
The African woman's bag is lying here.
die Tasche means the bag, liegt means is lying, and hier means here. Der Afrikanerin is genitive because it shows whose bag it is; the feminine genitive article is der, not die.
Die Afrikanerinnen sprechen mehrere Sprachen.
The African women speak several languages.
sprechen means speak, mehrere means several, and Sprachen means languages. Afrikanerinnen is plural and is formed by changing -in to -innen; the finite verb sprechen stands in position two.
der Ammersee — Lake Ammersee ​
Ammersee is a proper name for a lake in Bavaria. It is normally used in the singular; the compound ending -see means lake and is masculine here.
Der Ammersee liegt in Bayern.
Lake Ammersee is in Bavaria.
liegt means lies or is located, and Bayern is Bavaria. Der Ammersee is nominative because it is the subject, and the finite verb liegt stands in position two.
Wir besuchen den Ammersee im Sommer.
We visit Lake Ammersee in summer.
besuchen means visit and im Sommer means in summer. Den Ammersee is accusative because besuchen takes a direct object; the masculine article changes from der to den.
Wir fahren mit dem Fahrrad an den Ammersee.
We cycle to Lake Ammersee.
fahren means travel or cycle, mit dem Fahrrad means by bicycle, and das Fahrrad is the bicycle. An den Ammersee is accusative because an expresses movement towards a destination; mit dem Fahrrad is dative because mit always takes the dative.
Die Umgebung des Ammersees ist sehr ruhig.
The area around Lake Ammersee is very quiet.
die Umgebung means the surrounding area and ruhig means quiet. Des Ammersees is genitive because it identifies which lake's surroundings are meant, and the name adds -s.
die Ausreise — departure from a country, leaving the country ​
die Ausreise is used especially for leaving a country, often in official or travel contexts. The opposite is die Einreise, entering a country; the common compound die Ausreisegenehmigung means exit permit.
Die Ausreise ist fĂĽr Freitag geplant.
The departure is planned for Friday.
Freitag means Friday and geplant means planned. Die Ausreise is nominative because it is the subject; the finite verb ist stands in position two.
Die Behörde genehmigt die Ausreise.
The authority approves the departure.
die Behörde means the authority and genehmigt means approves. die Ausreise is accusative because genehmigen takes a direct object; the finite verb genehmigt is in position two.
Er wartet auf die Ausreise.
He is waiting for the departure.
er wartet means he is waiting. Here auf belongs to the verb phrase warten auf and takes the accusative, so die Ausreise looks the same in nominative and accusative.
Der Termin der Ausreise steht noch nicht fest.
The date of departure has not yet been decided.
der Termin means the date or appointment and steht noch nicht fest means has not yet been decided. der Ausreise is genitive after Termin to show whose date it is; the finite verb steht is in position two.
Viele Ausreisen wurden wegen des Wetters verschoben.
Many departures were postponed because of the weather.
viele means many, wegen des Wetters means because of the weather, and verschoben means postponed. Ausreisen is plural and nominative as the subject; wegen normally takes the genitive, and the passive verb places wurden in position two.
der Auswanderer — emigrant ​
An Auswanderer leaves their home country, whereas an Einwanderer enters and settles in another country. The noun is a regular masculine noun, not a weak masculine noun, so only the genitive singular adds -s.
Der Auswanderer lebt jetzt in Kanada.
The emigrant now lives in Canada.
lebt means lives and jetzt means now. Der Auswanderer is nominative because it is the subject, and the finite verb lebt stands in position two.
Die Zeitung interviewt den Auswanderer.
The newspaper interviews the emigrant.
die Zeitung means the newspaper and interviewen means to interview. den Auswanderer is accusative because interviewen takes a direct object; the masculine article changes from der to den, but the noun itself does not change.
Wir danken dem Auswanderer fĂĽr seine Hilfe.
We thank the emigrant for his help.
danken means to thank and seine Hilfe means his help. dem Auswanderer is dative because danken requires dative, while fĂĽr takes the accusative seine Hilfe.
Die Geschichte des Auswanderers ist interessant.
The emigrant's story is interesting.
die Geschichte means the story and interessant means interesting. des Auswanderers is genitive because it means of the emigrant; this noun takes -s in the genitive singular.
Viele Auswanderer vermissen ihre Heimat.
Many emigrants miss their homeland.
viele means many, vermissen means to miss, and die Heimat means homeland. Auswanderer is plural after viele and has no plural ending; ihre Heimat is accusative because it is the object of vermissen.
die Auswanderung — emigration ​
die Auswanderung names the process of leaving a country, while der Auswanderer names the person who leaves. It is often followed by nach plus a country or city, for example die Auswanderung nach Kanada.
Die Auswanderung nimmt zu.
Emigration is increasing.
nimmt zu means increases, and this is a separable verb. Die Auswanderung is nominative because it is the subject; the finite part nimmt stands in position two and zu goes to the end.
Viele Familien planen die Auswanderung.
Many families are planning to emigrate.
viele Familien means many families and planen means plan. die Auswanderung is accusative because planen takes an accusative object; the finite verb planen stands in position two.
Die Regierung hilft der Auswanderung nicht.
The government does not help emigration.
die Regierung means the government and nicht means not. der Auswanderung is dative because helfen requires dative; the feminine noun itself does not change, but die becomes der.
Die Gründe der Auswanderung sind vielfältig.
The reasons for emigration are varied.
die Gründe means the reasons and vielfältig means varied. der Auswanderung is genitive because it means for or of the emigration, while die Gründe is the plural subject.
In diesem Jahrhundert gab es mehrere Auswanderungen.
There were several waves of emigration in this century.
in diesem Jahrhundert means in this century, mehrere means several, and gab es means there were. Auswanderungen is plural after mehrere; the past-tense form gab comes from geben in the fixed existence expression es gab.
BRD — Federal Republic of Germany (abbreviation) ​
BRD is an abbreviation for Bundesrepublik Deutschland. It is mainly used in historical or political contexts; in everyday modern German, people usually say Deutschland.
Die BRD wurde 1949 gegrĂĽndet.
The Federal Republic of Germany was founded in 1949.
wurde gegrĂĽndet means was founded, and 1949 is the year 1949. Die BRD is the nominative subject; the finite verb wurde stands in position two, while the Partizip II gegrĂĽndet goes to the end.
Viele Menschen lebten frĂĽher in der BRD.
Many people used to live in the Federal Republic of Germany.
viele Menschen means many people, and frĂĽher means formerly or in the past. In der BRD means in the Federal Republic of Germany; in takes the dative for a fixed location, and the finite verb lebten is in position two.
das Bundesland — federal state ​
In Germany, das Bundesland usually means one of the country's sixteen federal states. The plural is die Bundesländer; the word is also used for federal states in Austria, although Austrian states are more often called Bundesländer.
Bayern ist ein groĂźes Bundesland.
Bavaria is a large federal state.
Bayern is Bavaria, and groĂź means large. Bayern is the subject in the nominative, while ein groĂźes Bundesland is a predicate noun after ist; the adjective takes the ending -es after ein with a neuter noun.
Viele Menschen besuchen dieses Bundesland im Sommer.
Many people visit this federal state in summer.
viele Menschen means many people, besuchen means visit, and im Sommer means in summer. dieses Bundesland is accusative because besuchen takes a direct object, and the finite verb besuchen is in position two.
In diesem Bundesland gibt es viele Seen.
There are many lakes in this federal state.
in diesem Bundesland means in this federal state, gibt es means there are, and viele Seen means many lakes. in takes the dative here because the sentence describes a location, not movement; the phrase comes first, so gibt still occupies position two.
Die Hauptstadt des Bundeslandes liegt am Fluss.
The capital of the federal state lies on the river.
die Hauptstadt means the capital, liegt means lies or is located, and am Fluss means by the river. des Bundeslandes is genitive because it shows whose capital it is, and the genitive ending -es must not be omitted.
Deutschland hat sechzehn Bundesländer.
Germany has sixteen federal states.
Deutschland is Germany, hat means has, and sechzehn means sixteen. sechzehn Bundesländer is an accusative object after hat, and the plural has the umlaut in Länder.
Welches Bundesland möchtest du besuchen?
Which federal state would you like to visit?
welches means which, möchtest du means would you like, and besuchen means to visit. welches Bundesland is accusative because it is the object of besuchen; in a yes-or-no or question-word question, the finite verb comes before the subject.
die Bundesrepublik — Federal Republic; Federal Republic of Germany; federal republic ​
die Bundesrepublik is most often short for die Bundesrepublik Deutschland, the official name of Germany. It is more formal than simply Deutschland and is common in political, legal and historical writing.
Die Bundesrepublik ist ein demokratischer Staat.
The Federal Republic is a democratic state.
demokratischer Staat means democratic state. Die Bundesrepublik is the nominative subject, and ein demokratischer Staat is a predicate noun after ist; the adjective has the strong ending -er after ein with a masculine noun.
Viele Menschen kennen die Bundesrepublik.
Many people know the Federal Republic.
viele Menschen means many people, and kennen means know or be familiar with. die Bundesrepublik is accusative because it is the direct object of kennen; its feminine article looks the same in the nominative and accusative.
In der Bundesrepublik gibt es sechzehn Bundesländer.
There are sixteen federal states in the Federal Republic.
in der Bundesrepublik means in the Federal Republic, and sechzehn Bundesländer means sixteen federal states. in takes the dative for a fixed location, shown by der; gibt is in position two after the fronted phrase.
Die Geschichte der Bundesrepublik ist interessant.
The history of the Federal Republic is interesting.
die Geschichte means the history, and interessant means interesting. der Bundesrepublik is genitive because it means of the Federal Republic; feminine genitive uses der but does not add an ending to the noun.
Die beiden Bundesrepubliken arbeiten zusammen.
The two federal republics work together.
die beiden means the two, and arbeiten zusammen means work together. die beiden Bundesrepubliken is a plural nominative subject, and the plural noun ends in -en.
Die Bundesrepublik Deutschland liegt in Europa.
The Federal Republic of Germany is in Europe.
Deutschland is Germany, liegt means is located, and Europa is Europe. Die Bundesrepublik Deutschland is a full official name in the nominative; Deutschland stands next to the noun as an identifying name, not as a separate object.
Die neue Bundesrepublik verabschiedete eine Verfassung.
The new federal republic adopted a constitution.
neu means new, verabschiedete means adopted or passed, and die Verfassung means the constitution. Die neue Bundesrepublik is the nominative subject, while eine Verfassung is accusative after verabschieden.
Mehrere Bundesrepubliken sind Mitglieder der Organisation.
Several federal republics are members of the organisation.
mehrere means several, Mitglieder means members, and die Organisation means the organisation. Mehrere Bundesrepubliken is the plural nominative subject; der Organisation is genitive after Mitglieder to show membership of the organisation.
einheimisch — native, indigenous; local ​
Einheimisch can describe plants and animals native to a region, or people who are local residents. It is not the usual word for simply saying that someone is at home; use zu Hause for that meaning.
Diese Pflanze ist hier einheimisch.
This plant is native here.
diese Pflanze means this plant and hier means here. Einheimisch follows sein and is predicative, so it has no adjective ending; the finite verb ist is in position two.
Wir schĂĽtzen die einheimischen Tiere.
We protect the native animals.
schĂĽtzen means protect and die Tiere means the animals. Die einheimischen Tiere is accusative because schĂĽtzen takes an accusative object, and the adjective has the plural ending -en after die.
Ein einheimischer Vogel ist kleiner als dieser Papagei.
A native bird is smaller than this parrot.
ein Vogel means a bird, kleiner means smaller, and dieser Papagei means this parrot. Einheimischer is attributive and takes a masculine nominative ending before Vogel; als introduces the comparison.
Diese Art ist am einheimischsten.
This species is the most native.
diese Art means this species or type. Am einheimischsten is the predicative superlative after ist, so it has no adjective ending; the superlative ending is -sten.
die Einreise — entry into a country, immigration ​
Einreise means entering a country, usually across a border and often in an official or travel context. It is feminine, and the plural is Einreisen; do not confuse it with Einwanderung, which means immigration for permanent settlement.
Die Einreise ist heute problemlos möglich.
Entry is possible without problems today.
problemlos means without problems, and möglich means possible. Die Einreise is nominative because it is the subject; the finite verb ist stands in position two.
Die Polizei kontrolliert die Einreise genau.
The police check entry carefully.
die Polizei means the police, kontrolliert means checks, and genau means carefully. Die Einreise is accusative because kontrollieren takes a direct object; the finite verb kontrolliert is in position two.
Bei der Einreise mĂĽssen alle ihren Pass zeigen.
On entry, everyone has to show their passport.
bei der Einreise means on entry, alle means everyone, and ihren Pass means their passport. Bei always takes the dative, so the feminine article is der; with mĂĽssen, the infinitive zeigen goes to the end.
Die Bedingungen der Einreise stehen auf der Website.
The conditions for entry are on the website.
die Bedingungen means the conditions, stehen means are written or are located, and die Website means the website. Der Einreise is genitive because it specifies whose conditions they are; auf der Website is dative because it describes a fixed location.
In diesem Jahr gab es viele Einreisen.
There were many entries into the country this year.
in diesem Jahr means this year, gab es means there were, and viele means many. Einreisen is the plural form after viele; the expression es gab uses es as a formal subject and puts the thing that existed in the accusative.
die Einwanderung — immigration ​
Einwanderung can describe immigration as a general process, often without a plural. The plural Einwanderungen is used for separate movements or instances of immigration.
Die Einwanderung nach Deutschland ist gestiegen.
Immigration to Germany has increased.
nach Deutschland means to Germany, and ist gestiegen means has increased. die Einwanderung is nominative because it is the subject; the finite verb ist stands in position two.
Viele Länder fördern die Einwanderung.
Many countries promote immigration.
viele Länder means many countries, and fördern means promote. die Einwanderung is accusative because fördern takes a direct object; the finite verb fördern is in position two.
Mit der Einwanderung verändern sich die Städte.
Immigration changes the cities.
mit means with, verändern means change, and die Städte means the cities. mit always takes the dative, so der Einwanderung is dative; the reflexive-looking phrase verändern sich has the finite verb in position two.
Die Folgen der Einwanderung sind oft politisch wichtig.
The consequences of immigration are often politically important.
die Folgen means the consequences, oft means often, and politisch wichtig means politically important. der Einwanderung is genitive because it specifies whose consequences; the finite verb sind stands in position two.
In Europa gibt es verschiedene Einwanderungen.
There are different waves or instances of immigration in Europe.
in Europa means in Europe, gibt es means there are, and verschiedene means different. Einwanderungen is plural after verschiedene; gibt stands in position two, while es is the formal subject.
englischsprachig — English-speaking ​
This adjective describes people, countries, media, or situations that use English. It can be compared when the degree of English use is relevant: englischsprachiger means more English-speaking and am englischsprachigsten means most English-speaking.
Kanada ist ein englischsprachiges Land.
Canada is an English-speaking country.
Kanada is Canada and ein Land is a country. Englischsprachiges is a predicate adjective after ist; because Land is neuter and follows the indefinite article ein, the adjective takes -es.
Wir besuchen ein englischsprachiges Land.
We are visiting an English-speaking country.
besuchen means visit, and ein Land means a country. ein englischsprachiges Land is the accusative object of besuchen; the neuter adjective ending is -es after ein.
Dieser Kurs ist englischsprachiger als der andere.
This course is more English-language-based than the other one.
Dieser Kurs means this course and der andere means the other one. The comparative englischsprachiger is followed by als for the thing being compared; after ist, the adjective has no extra ending.
Dieses Programm ist am englischsprachigsten.
This programme is the most English-language-based.
Dieses Programm means this programme. The superlative with am is used predicatively after ist; do not put an adjective ending on englischsprachigsten in this form.
der Europäische — European man, European person ​
This is a substantivized adjective, so it is written with a capital letter and keeps adjective endings. It is a weak masculine noun: outside the nominative singular, use forms such as den Europäischen and des Europäischen.
Der Europäische arbeitet in Berlin.
The European works in Berlin.
arbeitet means works, and in Berlin means in Berlin. Der Europäische is nominative because he is the subject; the finite verb arbeitet is in position two.
Ich sehe den Europäischen jeden Tag.
I see the European every day.
sehe means see, and jeden Tag means every day. Den Europäischen is accusative because sehen takes a direct object; the masculine article changes from der to den.
Ich helfe dem Europäischen bei der Anmeldung.
I help the European with the registration.
helfe means help, bei means with, and die Anmeldung is the registration. Dem Europäischen is dative because helfen requires a dative object; bei der Anmeldung also uses the dative after bei.
Das ist das Auto des Europäischen.
That is the European's car.
das Auto means the car, and Das ist means that is. Des Europäischen expresses possession in the genitive; the substantivized adjective takes -en after des.
Die Europäischen sprechen mehrere Sprachen.
The Europeans speak several languages.
sprechen means speak, and mehrere Sprachen means several languages. Die Europäischen is the plural subject, and substantivized adjectives take -en in this form.
die Europäische — European woman, European person ​
This is a substantivized adjective, so it is written with a capital letter and keeps adjective endings. The feminine form is die Europäische, but the plural is the same as for the masculine form: die Europäischen.
Die Europäische arbeitet in Berlin.
The European woman works in Berlin.
arbeitet means works, and in Berlin means in Berlin. Die Europäische is nominative because she is the subject; the finite verb arbeitet stands in position two.
Ich sehe die Europäische jeden Tag.
I see the European woman every day.
sehe means see, and jeden Tag means every day. Die Europäische is accusative because sehen takes a direct object; the feminine article stays die in the accusative.
Ich helfe der Europäischen bei der Anmeldung.
I help the European woman with the registration.
helfe means help, bei means with, and die Anmeldung is the registration. Der Europäischen is dative because helfen requires a dative object; bei der Anmeldung also uses the dative after bei.
Das ist das Auto der Europäischen.
That is the European woman's car.
das Auto means the car, and Das ist means that is. Der Europäischen expresses possession in the genitive; the feminine genitive article is der, while the adjective form still ends in -en.
Die Europäischen sprechen mehrere Sprachen.
The European women speak several languages.
sprechen means speak, and mehrere Sprachen means several languages. Die Europäischen is the plural subject, and substantivized adjectives take -en in this form.
der Export — export; exports ​
Der Export can mean goods sold abroad or the economic activity of selling them. The opposite is der Import; the plural is die Exporte.
Der Export ist fĂĽr das Land wichtig.
Exports are important for the country.
wichtig means “important,” and für das Land means “for the country.” Der Export is nominative because it is the subject; für takes the accusative, shown by das Land.
Deutschland steigert den Export von Maschinen.
Germany is increasing the export of machines.
steigert means “increases,” and Maschinen means “machines.” Den Export is accusative because steigern takes an accusative object; von Maschinen explains what is being exported.
Mit dem Export verdient die Firma viel Geld.
The company earns a lot of money from exports.
mit means “with” or “from,” verdient means “earns,” and die Firma means “the company.” Dem Export is dative because mit always takes the dative; the opening phrase occupies position one, so verdient comes next.
Der Wert des Exports ist gestiegen.
The value of exports has risen.
der Wert means “the value,” and ist gestiegen means “has risen.” Des Exports is genitive because it identifies whose value is meant; the perfect with movement or change uses sein, and gestiegen goes to the end.
Die Exporte nach Asien nehmen zu.
Exports to Asia are increasing.
nach Asien means “to Asia,” and nehmen zu means “increase.” Die Exporte is the plural subject, and the separable verb nehmen ... zu splits in the main clause, with zu at the end.
exportieren — to export; to export data ​
exportieren is a regular verb that normally takes haben in the perfect: hat exportiert. The exported item is usually an accusative object, and a destination can be added with nach, in or an.
Die Firma exportiert Maschinen nach Kanada.
The company exports machines to Canada.
die Firma means the company, Maschinen means machines, and nach Kanada means to Canada. Maschinen is accusative because exportieren takes the thing exported as a direct object, while nach marks the destination; the finite verb exportiert is in position two.
Wir haben Kaffee nach Japan exportiert.
We exported coffee to Japan.
Kaffee means coffee, and nach Japan means to Japan. The perfect uses haben plus the Partizip II exportiert, which stands at the end; Kaffee is the accusative object.
Deutschland exportierte frĂĽher viele Autos.
Germany used to export many cars.
Deutschland is Germany, frĂĽher means formerly or in the past, and viele Autos means many cars. The regular past form exportierte is in position two, and viele Autos is accusative as the direct object.
Exportiere bitte die Datei als PDF.
Please export the file as a PDF.
bitte means please, die Datei is the file, and als PDF means as a PDF. Exportiere is the informal singular imperative; die Datei is accusative because it is the thing being exported.
Wenn die Firma mehr exportieren würde, bräuchte sie neue Lastwagen.
If the company exported more, it would need new lorries.
wenn means if, mehr means more, bräuchte means would need, and neue Lastwagen means new lorries. In the wenn clause, the infinitive exportieren stands at the end; mehr exportieren würde expresses an unreal or hypothetical condition.
Die Firma wird nächstes Jahr mehr Lebensmittel exportieren.
The company will export more food next year.
nächstes Jahr means next year, and Lebensmittel means food products. Future tense uses wird in position two and the infinitive exportieren at the end; mehr Lebensmittel is the accusative object.
Ich exportiere die Kontakte in eine Datei.
I am exporting the contacts into a file.
die Kontakte means the contacts, and in eine Datei means into a file. die Kontakte is accusative because it is the data being exported, while in takes the accusative here because it expresses movement into a destination.
Klicken Sie hier, um die Tabelle zu exportieren.
Click here to export the table.
klicken means to click, hier means here, and die Tabelle means the table or spreadsheet. The infinitive with zu comes after um in the purpose phrase, and die Tabelle is the accusative object.
global — global, worldwide ​
Global means worldwide or concerning the whole planet, often in contrast to lokal. Its comparison is regular: globaler, am globalsten; the adjective ending changes when it stands before a noun.
Die Wirtschaft ist global.
The economy is global.
die Wirtschaft means the economy. Global is predicative after sein, so it has no adjective ending; the finite verb ist stands in position two.
Wir brauchen eine globale Lösung.
We need a global solution.
brauchen means need, and die Lösung means the solution. Eine globale Lösung is accusative because brauchen takes a direct object, and the adjective has -e after the indefinite article eine.
Das Internet macht die Welt globaler.
The internet is making the world more global.
das Internet means the internet, and die Welt means the world. Globaler is the comparative after machen; die Welt is accusative because it is the object being made more global.
Der Klimawandel ist eines der globalsten Probleme unserer Zeit.
Climate change is one of the most global problems of our time.
der Klimawandel means climate change, and unserer Zeit means of our time. Globalsten is an attributive superlative after der, while unserer Zeit is genitive because it identifies the time to which the problems belong.
global — globally, worldwide ​
As an adverb, global describes an action that happens worldwide or on a worldwide scale. It does not take adjective endings, so it remains global even when the noun or verb in the sentence changes.
Das Unternehmen arbeitet global.
The company operates globally.
das Unternehmen means the company, and arbeitet means operates or works. Global modifies the verb arbeitet and does not change its form because it is an adverb; the finite verb stands in position two.
Die Nachricht wurde global verbreitet.
The news was spread worldwide.
die Nachricht means the news, and verbreitet means spread or distributed. Global modifies verbreitet; this is a passive clause with wurde in position two and the Partizip II at the end.
das Heimatland — home country, homeland ​
Heimatland is more specific than Heimat: it normally means a country, not a town or region. The compound combines Heimat and Land.
Das Heimatland liegt weit entfernt.
The home country is far away.
liegt weit entfernt means is far away. Das Heimatland is nominative because it is the subject, and the finite verb liegt stands in position two.
Sie besucht das Heimatland ihrer Eltern.
She is visiting her parents' home country.
sie besucht means she is visiting, and ihre Eltern means her parents. Das Heimatland is accusative because besuchen takes a direct object; ihrer Eltern is genitive and means “of her parents.”
Er erzählt seinen Kindern von dem Heimatland.
He tells his children about the home country.
erzählt means tells, and seinen Kindern means his children. Dem Heimatland is dative because von always takes the dative; the finite verb erzählt stands in position two.
Die Geschichte des Heimatlandes ist sehr bewegt.
The history of the home country is very eventful.
die Geschichte means the history, and bewegt means eventful or troubled. Des Heimatlandes is genitive because it identifies whose history it is; the neuter noun has the ending -es.
Viele Heimatländer nehmen Flüchtlinge auf.
Many home countries take in refugees.
viele means many, and Flüchtlinge means refugees. Heimatländer is the plural subject, so it is nominative; nehmen ... auf is a separable verb meaning take in, with auf at the end.
Viele Menschen verlassen ihre Heimatländer.
Many people leave their home countries.
viele Menschen means many people, and verlassen means leave. Ihre Heimatländer is plural accusative because it is the direct object of verlassen; ihre has no ending here because the noun is neuter plural after a possessive determiner.
die Herkunft — origin, background ​
Herkunft is used for a person's background as well as the source or origin of a thing. With a person, it can refer to family, country, or cultural background; it is not limited to a birthplace.
Die Herkunft ist fĂĽr mich nicht wichtig.
A person's background is not important to me.
Wichtig means important, and fĂĽr mich means to me. Die Herkunft is the nominative subject, and the finite verb ist stands in position two.
Ich kenne seine Herkunft.
I know his background.
Kenne means know, and seine means his. Seine Herkunft is accusative because kennen takes a direct object; the finite verb kenne is in position two.
Wir sprechen ĂĽber ihre Herkunft.
We are talking about her background.
Sprechen ĂĽber means talk about, and ihre means her. Here ĂĽber takes the accusative because it introduces the topic, so ihre Herkunft is accusative rather than dative.
Die Farbe hängt von der Herkunft ab.
The colour depends on the origin.
Die Farbe is the colour, and hängt von ... ab means depends on. The phrase der Herkunft is a genitive attribute after von in the requested noun slot; strictly, von itself governs the dative, so this sentence also shows the common dative form.
Verschiedene HerkĂĽnfte bereichern unsere Gesellschaft.
Different backgrounds enrich our society.
Verschiedene means different, bereichern means enrich, and unsere Gesellschaft means our society. Verschiedene HerkĂĽnfte is a plural nominative subject, so the verb is plural: bereichern.
Jugoslawien — Yugoslavia ​
Jugoslawien is the historical country name; modern texts often refer instead to the individual successor states. As a neuter country name ending in -ien, it is normally used without an article and has no plural.
Meine GroĂźeltern wurden in Jugoslawien geboren.
My grandparents were born in Yugoslavia.
meine GroĂźeltern means my grandparents, and wurden geboren means were born. Jugoslawien is a proper name used without an article here; the place phrase follows the verb group at the end.
Jugoslawien bestand frĂĽher aus mehreren Republiken.
Yugoslavia used to consist of several republics.
bestand means existed or consisted, frĂĽher means formerly, and mehrere Republiken means several republics. The fixed verb bestehen aus takes aus plus the dative, so mehreren Republiken has the dative plural ending.
der Migrant — migrant ​
Der Migrant is a person who has moved, or is moving, to another place, often across a national border. It is a weak masculine noun: use Migrant only in nominative singular and Migranten in the other cases and in the plural.
Der Migrant lebt seit zwei Jahren in Deutschland.
The migrant has lived in Germany for two years.
lebt means lives, seit zwei Jahren means for two years, and Deutschland is Germany. Der Migrant is nominative because he is the subject; seit takes the dative, so zwei Jahren has the dative plural ending.
Die Behörde unterstützt den Migranten.
The authority supports the migrant.
die Behörde is the authority, and unterstützt means supports. Den Migranten is accusative because unterstützen takes a direct object; as a weak masculine noun, Migrant takes -en outside the nominative singular.
Die Sozialarbeiterin hilft dem Migranten bei der Wohnungssuche.
The social worker helps the migrant look for a home.
die Sozialarbeiterin is the female social worker, hilft means helps, and die Wohnungssuche is the search for a home. Dem Migranten is dative because helfen requires the dative, and the weak noun keeps -en.
Die Geschichte des Migranten wurde veröffentlicht.
The migrant's story was published.
die Geschichte means story, and veröffentlicht means published. Des Migranten is genitive because it shows whose story it is; this weak masculine noun uses -en, not -s, in the genitive.
Viele Migranten lernen Deutsch.
Many migrants are learning German.
viele means many, and lernen Deutsch means are learning German. Migranten is plural and is the subject, so lernen is plural; the plural looks the same as the non-nominative singular.
die Migrantin — female migrant ​
Die Migrantin is the feminine form of der Migrant, a migrant. The ending -in marks a female person, and the plural ending is -innen.
Die Migrantin arbeitet in einem Krankenhaus.
The female migrant works in a hospital.
arbeitet means works, and das Krankenhaus is the hospital. Die Migrantin is nominative because she is the subject; in einem Krankenhaus uses dative because it describes the place where she works.
Die Organisation berät die Migrantin.
The organisation advises the female migrant.
die Organisation is the organisation, and berät means advises. Die Migrantin is accusative because beraten takes a direct object; the feminine accusative article remains die.
Der Berater hilft der Migrantin beim AusfĂĽllen des Formulars.
The adviser helps the female migrant fill out the form.
der Berater is the adviser, beim AusfĂĽllen means with filling in, and das Formular is the form. Der Migrantin is dative because helfen requires the dative; des Formulars is genitive after the noun-like AusfĂĽllen.
Die Familie der Migrantin lebt in Berlin.
The female migrant's family lives in Berlin.
die Familie means family, and lebt means lives. Der Migrantin is genitive because it shows whose family it is; feminine genitive uses der without changing the noun.
Viele Migrantinnen besuchen einen Sprachkurs.
Many female migrants attend a language course.
viele means many, besuchen means attend, and der Sprachkurs is the language course. Migrantinnen is plural and is the subject, while einen Sprachkurs is accusative because besuchen takes a direct object.
die Migration — migration; migration, seasonal movement ​
This is a formal word often used for movement between countries or regions. The plural is Migrationen; for one person’s move, everyday German often uses Einwanderung or Auswanderung depending on the direction.
Migration verändert viele Städte.
Migration is changing many cities.
verändert means changes, and viele Städte means many cities. Migration is nominative because it is the subject, and the finite verb verändert stands in position two.
Viele Menschen erleben Migration als Chance.
Many people experience migration as an opportunity.
viele Menschen means many people, erleben means experience, and als Chance means as an opportunity. Migration is accusative because it is the object of erleben, while the finite verb stays in position two.
Die Stadt hilft Menschen mit Migration.
The city helps people affected by migration.
die Stadt is the city, hilft means helps, and Menschen means people. Migration is dative after mit, which always takes the dative; the finite verb hilft is in position two.
Die Folgen der Migration sind sichtbar.
The consequences of migration are visible.
die Folgen means the consequences, and sichtbar means visible. Migration is genitive after Folgen to show whose consequences they are; the finite verb sind is in position two.
Viele Länder diskutieren die Migrationen.
Many countries are discussing the migrations.
viele Länder means many countries, and diskutieren means discuss. Migrationen is the plural with -en and is accusative because it is the object of diskutieren.
Die Migration der Vögel beginnt im Herbst.
The migration of the birds begins in autumn.
der Vögel means of the birds, and beginnt means begins. Migration is nominative as the subject; der Vögel is genitive to show which migration is meant.
Wissenschaftler erforschen die Migration der Wale.
Scientists study the migration of the whales.
Wissenschaftler means scientists, erforschen means study, and Wale means whales. Migration is accusative after erforschen, while der Wale is genitive and means of the whales.
die Nation — nation, country; people sharing a national identity ​
In everyday use, die Nation can mean either the country as a political state or its people as a collective. It is often used in political and historical contexts, while das Land is more common for an ordinary country.
Die Nation feiert heute ihren Nationalfeiertag.
The nation is celebrating its national holiday today.
feiert means is celebrating, heute means today, and ihren Nationalfeiertag means its national holiday. Die Nation is nominative because it is the subject, and the finite verb feiert stands in position two.
Viele Menschen lieben die Nation und ihre Geschichte.
Many people love the nation and its history.
Viele Menschen means many people, lieben means love, and ihre Geschichte means its history. Die Nation is accusative because lieben takes a direct object; the finite verb lieben is in position two.
Die Regierung hilft der Nation in einer Krise.
The government helps the nation in a crisis.
Die Regierung means the government, hilft means helps, and in einer Krise means in a crisis. Der Nation is dative because helfen governs the dative; the finite verb hilft stands in position two.
Die Zukunft der Nation hängt von guter Bildung ab.
The future of the nation depends on good education.
Die Zukunft means the future, hängt ... ab means depends, and guter Bildung means good education. Der Nation is genitive because it identifies whose future is meant; the separable verb abhängen puts hängt in position two and ab at the end.
Die Nationen arbeiten gemeinsam an einem Vertrag.
The nations are working together on a treaty.
arbeiten gemeinsam means are working together, and an einem Vertrag means on a treaty. Nationen is plural and nominative because it is the subject; an takes the dative here because this describes work on an existing matter, not movement.
national — national; relating to a nation ​
National contrasts with international and often describes government, sport, culture or public interests. In front of a noun, it takes normal adjective endings, as in nationale Interessen.
Der Sport ist national sehr wichtig.
The sport is very important nationally.
Der Sport means the sport, and sehr wichtig means very important. National is predicative after ist, so it has no adjective ending; the finite verb ist stands in position two.
Die nationale Mannschaft spielt heute in Berlin.
The national team is playing in Berlin today.
Die Mannschaft means the team, spielt means is playing, and heute in Berlin means today in Berlin. Nationale stands before the feminine nominative noun Mannschaft and takes -e after the definite article die.
Die Diskussion ist heute nationaler als frĂĽher.
The discussion is more national today than in the past.
Die Diskussion means the discussion, heute means today, and frĂĽher means in the past. Nationaler is a predicative comparative after ist and is followed by als when two things are compared.
Diese Frage ist am nationalsten geprägt.
This question is shaped in the most nationally focused way.
Diese Frage means this question, and geprägt means shaped or marked. Am nationalsten is the predicative superlative with am; the verb phrase ist geprägt places the participle geprägt at the end.
der Russe — Russian man ​
Russe is a weak masculine noun, so it takes -n in the accusative, dative, and genitive singular: den Russen, dem Russen, des Russen. For a Russian woman, use die Russin.
Der Russe lebt seit Jahren in Berlin.
The Russian man has lived in Berlin for years.
lebt means lives, seit Jahren means for years, and Berlin is the city Berlin. Der Russe is nominative because it is the subject; this noun is weak, but the nominative singular keeps the ending -e.
Ich treffe einen Russen im Zug.
I meet a Russian man on the train.
treffe means meet and im Zug means on the train. Einen Russen is accusative because treffen takes a direct object; as a weak masculine noun, Russe changes to Russen outside the nominative.
Ich helfe dem Russen mit dem Gepäck.
I help the Russian man with the luggage.
helfe means help, mit means with, and das Gepäck means luggage. Dem Russen is dative because helfen takes the dative, and the weak noun adds -n; mit dem Gepäck is also dative because mit always takes the dative.
Die Meinung des Russen ĂĽberrascht mich.
The Russian man’s opinion surprises me.
die Meinung means the opinion and ĂĽberrascht means surprises. Des Russen is genitive because it shows whose opinion it is; the weak noun uses -n, not -s, in this case.
Viele Russen sprechen auch Englisch.
Many Russians also speak English.
viele means many, sprechen means speak, and auch means also. Russen is the plural subject and has the same -en ending as the non-nominative singular; the plural article would be die.
der Russlanddeutsche — Russian German ​
This is a weak masculine noun: der Russlanddeutsche, but den/dem/des Russlanddeutschen in the other singular cases. It refers to a person of German background from Russia or another former Soviet country, not simply to any Russian citizen.
Der Russlanddeutsche lebt seit zehn Jahren in Berlin.
The Russian German has lived in Berlin for ten years.
lebt means has lived or lives, seit zehn Jahren means for ten years, and in Berlin means in Berlin. Der Russlanddeutsche is nominative as the subject; this masculine noun is weak, but the nominative singular has no extra -n.
Ich kenne den Russlanddeutschen aus meiner Nachbarschaft.
I know the Russian German from my neighbourhood.
kenne means know, aus means from, and meine Nachbarschaft means my neighbourhood. Den Russlanddeutschen is accusative because kennen takes a direct object; the weak masculine noun adds -n outside the nominative.
Ich helfe dem Russlanddeutschen beim AusfĂĽllen des Formulars.
I help the Russian German fill out the form.
helfe means help, beim AusfĂĽllen means while filling out, and das Formular means the form. Dem Russlanddeutschen is dative because helfen takes the dative; the weak noun keeps its -n ending.
Die Geschichte des Russlanddeutschen ist interessant.
The Russian German’s story is interesting.
die Geschichte means story or history and interessant means interesting. Des Russlanddeutschen is genitive to show possession, and both the article and the weak noun show the masculine genitive pattern.
Viele Russlanddeutsche sprechen zwei Sprachen.
Many Russian Germans speak two languages.
viele means many, sprechen means speak, and zwei Sprachen means two languages. Russlanddeutsche is plural and functions as the subject; the plural form ends in -n, and the finite verb sprechen is in position two.
der Schotte — Scot, Scottish man ​
Schotte is a person from Scotland. It is a weak masculine noun: use der Schotte in the nominative singular but den Schotten, dem Schotten, and des Schotten in the other forms.
Der Schotte wohnt seit zehn Jahren in Berlin.
The Scot has lived in Berlin for ten years.
wohnt means lives, seit zehn Jahren means for ten years, and Berlin is the capital of Germany. Der Schotte is nominative because he is the subject, and the finite verb wohnt stands in position two.
Ich treffe heute einen Schotten.
I am meeting a Scot today.
treffe means meet, heute means today, and einen means a in the masculine accusative. Einen Schotten is accusative because treffen takes a direct object; as a weak masculine noun, Schotte becomes Schotten.
Ich spreche mit einem Schotten ĂĽber Musik.
I am talking to a Scot about music.
spreche means talk, mit means with, and ĂĽber Musik means about music. Mit always takes the dative, so einem Schotten has both the dative article and the weak-noun ending -n.
Das Auto des Schotten steht vor dem Hotel.
The Scot’s car is in front of the hotel.
das Auto means the car, steht means is standing or is parked, vor dem Hotel means in front of the hotel, and des means of the. Des Schotten is genitive because it shows possession; the weak noun keeps the ending -n.
Viele Schotten tragen beim Fest traditionelle Kleidung.
Many Scots wear traditional clothing at the festival.
viele means many, tragen means wear, beim Fest means at the festival, and traditionelle Kleidung means traditional clothing. Viele Schotten is the plural subject, and the plural form ends in -en, not -e.
schottisch — Scottish ​
schottisch means relating to Scotland, its people, or its culture. It can be compared when the meaning is “showing more or less Scottish character”; the forms are schottischer and am schottischsten.
Die Musik klingt sehr schottisch.
The music sounds very Scottish.
die Musik means the music, and klingt means sounds. Schottisch is predicative after klingen, so it has no adjective ending; the finite verb klingt stands in position two.
Wir besuchen ein schottisches Schloss.
We are visiting a Scottish castle.
besuchen means visit, and ein Schloss means a castle. Schottisches describes the neuter noun Schloss in the accusative, so it takes the ending -es after ein.
Diese Musik klingt schottischer als die Musik aus Irland.
This music sounds more Scottish than the music from Ireland.
diese Musik means this music, als means than, and die Musik aus Irland means the music from Ireland. Schottischer is predicative after klingt, so it has no adjective ending; als introduces the thing used for comparison.
Dieses Fest wirkt am schottischsten.
This festival seems the most Scottish.
dieses Fest means this festival, and wirkt means seems or appears. Am schottischsten is the predicative superlative after wirken; the am ...-sten form is not placed directly before a noun.
das Sprachniveau — language level ​
A Sprachniveau describes how well someone can use a language. Common levels are named A1 to C2 in the Common European Framework of Reference.
Das Sprachniveau der Teilnehmer ist unterschiedlich.
The participants' language levels are different.
der Teilnehmer means of the participants, and unterschiedlich means different. Das Sprachniveau der Teilnehmer is nominative as the subject; der Teilnehmer is genitive because it shows whose level is meant.
Die PrĂĽfung prĂĽft das Sprachniveau der Bewerber.
The exam tests the applicants' language level.
die PrĂĽfung is the exam, prĂĽft means tests, and die Bewerber are the applicants. Das Sprachniveau is accusative because prĂĽfen takes a direct object; der Bewerber is genitive after the noun phrase.
Die Lehrerin hilft den SchĂĽlern bei dem Sprachniveau.
The teacher helps the pupils with the language level.
die Lehrerin is the teacher, hilft means helps, and die SchĂĽler are the pupils. Dem Sprachniveau is dative after bei, which always takes the dative; more naturally, speakers often say bei der Verbesserung des Sprachniveaus.
Die Bewertung des Sprachniveaus dauert zehn Minuten.
The assessment of the language level takes ten minutes.
die Bewertung means the assessment, and zehn Minuten means ten minutes. Des Sprachniveaus is genitive because it identifies what is being assessed; the whole phrase is the subject of dauert.
Die Kurse haben verschiedene Sprachniveaus.
The courses have different language levels.
die Kurse are the courses, haben means have, and verschiedene means different. Sprachniveaus is plural and accusative because it is the object of haben; its plural ending is -s.
die Staatsangehörigkeit — nationality, citizenship; nationality held by a person ​
This is a formal word used for legal nationality or citizenship, especially on official forms. It is not normally used for cultural identity alone.
Meine Staatsangehörigkeit ist deutsch.
My nationality is German.
deutsch means German. Meine Staatsangehörigkeit is nominative because it is the subject, and ist is in position two; the adjective after sein has no ending.
Ich muss meine Staatsangehörigkeit im Formular angeben.
I have to state my nationality on the form.
muss means have to, das Formular is a form, and angeben means to state or provide. Meine Staatsangehörigkeit is accusative because angeben takes a direct object, while the separable verb prefix an goes to the end of this main clause.
Bei der Bewerbung wird nach meiner Staatsangehörigkeit gefragt.
The application asks for my nationality.
die Bewerbung is an application, nach etwas fragen means to ask about something, and gefragt means asked. Nach always takes the dative, so meiner Staatsangehörigkeit is dative; wird ... gefragt is a passive construction.
Der Nachweis der Staatsangehörigkeit liegt im Ordner.
The proof of nationality is in the folder.
der Nachweis means proof, liegen means to be located, and der Ordner is the folder. Der Staatsangehörigkeit is genitive because it specifies what the proof is about; im Ordner is short for in dem Ordner and marks location.
In dieser Klasse haben die Kinder verschiedene Staatsangehörigkeiten.
The children in this class have different nationalities.
diese Klasse means this class, die Kinder are the children, and verschieden means different. Staatsangehörigkeiten is plural and accusative because haben takes a direct object; verschiedene has the plural adjective ending -e after die.
Sie hat zwei Staatsangehörigkeiten.
She has two nationalities.
zwei means two. Staatsangehörigkeiten is plural and accusative because hat takes the thing that someone has as a direct object; the numeral does not take an ending.
Er möchte seine Staatsangehörigkeit wechseln.
He would like to change his nationality.
möchte means would like to, wechseln means to change, and seine means his. Seine Staatsangehörigkeit is accusative as the object of wechseln; after möchte, the infinitive wechseln stands at the end.
südlich — southern; in the south ​
sĂĽdlich describes a position or direction towards the south. It is often used before a noun, as in der sĂĽdliche Teil, or with von to mean south of a place.
Das Dorf liegt im sĂĽdlichen Teil des Landes.
The village lies in the southern part of the country.
das Dorf is the village, der Teil is the part, and das Land is the country. sĂĽdlichen is an attributive adjective before Teil and takes an ending after im; the finite verb liegt is in position two.
Im sĂĽdlichen Teil des Landes sind die Winter milder.
In the southern part of the country, the winters are milder.
der Winter is the winter and milder means milder. im sĂĽdlichen Teil is dative because in describes a fixed location; sĂĽdlichen takes the ending -en, and sind is in position two.
Bayern liegt sĂĽdlicher als Berlin.
Bavaria lies further south than Berlin.
Bayern is Bavaria and liegen means be located. sĂĽdlicher compares two locations with als and is predicative, so it has no adjective ending; the finite verb liegt stands in position two.
Die Insel ist am sĂĽdlichsten.
The island is furthest south.
die Insel is the island. am sĂĽdlichsten is the superlative used predicatively, not directly before a noun; ist stands in position two.
weltweit — worldwide, global ​
Weltweit is often used without an ending as an adverb, for example in weltweit bekannt. Before a noun it behaves like a normal adjective and takes an ending, as in eine weltweite Kampagne.
Das Internet ist weltweit verfĂĽgbar.
The internet is available worldwide.
das Internet means the internet, and verfĂĽgbar means available. Weltweit is used predicatively after ist, so it has no adjective ending; the finite verb ist stands in position two.
Eine weltweite Kampagne informiert ĂĽber das Problem.
A worldwide campaign informs people about the problem.
eine Kampagne means a campaign, informiert means informs, and das Problem means the problem. Weltweite stands before the feminine nominative noun Kampagne and takes -e after the indefinite article eine.
Die Bewegung ist heute weltweiter bekannt als frĂĽher.
The movement is better known worldwide today than it was in the past.
die Bewegung means the movement, heute means today, and frĂĽher means earlier or in the past. Weltweiter is a comparative form used with als for comparison; after ist, the adjective is predicative and has no additional ending.
Das ist die weltweiteste Kampagne des Jahres.
That is the most worldwide campaign of the year.
die Kampagne means the campaign, and des Jahres means of the year. Weltweiteste stands before the feminine noun Kampagne and therefore has an adjective ending; the superlative of weltweit is uncommon because the basic meaning is often already absolute.
Die Nachricht wurde weltweit verbreitet.
The news was spread worldwide.
die Nachricht means the news, and verbreitet means spread or distributed. Weltweit is used adverbially here, so it has no ending; in the passive, wurde is the finite verb and verbreitet goes to the end.
Westdeutschland — western Germany ​
This geographical proper name is normally used without an article. It can refer either to the western region of present-day Germany or, in historical contexts, to West Germany before reunification.
Meine Tante lebt in Westdeutschland.
My aunt lives in western Germany.
Meine Tante means my aunt, and lebt means lives. The place name is used without an article here; the finite verb lebt stands in position two.
Wir sind durch Westdeutschland gefahren.
We travelled through western Germany.
durch means through, and gefahren means travelled or driven. durch takes the accusative, but this proper place name has no visible case ending; the perfect auxiliary sind comes before gefahren.
die Zweitsprache — second language ​
die Zweitsprache is a language learned or used after the first language; it does not necessarily mean the person's second-best language. The related word die Muttersprache means mother tongue or first language.
Die Zweitsprache ist fĂĽr ihre Arbeit sehr wichtig.
The second language is very important for her work.
fĂĽr ihre Arbeit means for her work, and wichtig means important. Die Zweitsprache is nominative because it is the subject; the finite verb ist stands in position two.
Sie lernt die Zweitsprache seit drei Jahren.
She has been learning the second language for three years.
lernt means is learning, and seit drei Jahren means for three years. die Zweitsprache is accusative because lernen takes a direct object; seit introduces the time expression drei Jahren in the dative.
Er spricht oft mit der Zweitsprache im Unterricht.
He often speaks using the second language in class.
spricht means speaks, oft means often, and im Unterricht means in class. The preposition mit always takes the dative, so the feminine phrase is der Zweitsprache; the phrase is placed after the verb in this sentence.
Die Vorteile der Zweitsprache sind gut dokumentiert.
The advantages of the second language are well documented.
die Vorteile are the advantages, and gut dokumentiert means well documented. der Zweitsprache is genitive because it shows whose advantages they are; the subject is plural Vorteile, so the verb is sind.
Viele Zweitsprachen werden in der Schule angeboten.
Many second languages are offered at school.
viele means many, in der Schule means at school, and angeboten means offered. Zweitsprachen is the plural form, and werden ... angeboten is a passive construction with the finite verb werden in position two and the participle at the end.