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Vocab: Society, politics & law — B2 (2) ​

Society, politics & law vocabulary at B2 level.

Maskulin Feminin Neutrum Plural

kommunistisch — communist; communist-related ​

kommunistisch describes something connected with communism or its political ideas. It can describe parties, governments, movements, symbols or theories.
Die Partei ist kommunistisch.
The party is communist.
die Partei means the party, and ist means is. kommunistisch is predicative after sein, so it has no adjective ending; the finite verb ist is in position two.
Er liest ein kommunistisches Buch.
He is reading a communist book.
liest means is reading, and ein Buch means a book. kommunistisches is attributive and has -es because ein Buch is neuter accusative; the whole noun phrase is the accusative object of lesen.
Diese Bewegung ist kommunistischer als die andere.
This movement is more communist than the other one.
diese Bewegung means this movement, andere means other, and Bewegung means movement. kommunistischer compares two movements and is followed by als; after ist, the comparative is predicative and has no extra ending.
Diese Gruppe ist am kommunistischsten.
This group is the most communist.
diese Gruppe means this group, and am meisten in this context is expressed by the superlative form. am kommunistischsten follows ist as a predicative superlative; do not use the am-form directly before a noun.

liberal — liberal; favouring individual freedom and social change ​

In politics, liberal can refer to personal freedoms or, depending on the country, free-market economics. The exact meaning is therefore often clearer from the context.
Die Partei ist liberal.
The party is liberal.
die Partei means the party, and ist means is. liberal is predicative after sein, so it has no adjective ending; the finite verb ist stands in position two.
Sie vertritt liberale Werte.
She stands for liberal values.
sie means she, vertritt means represents or stands for, and Werte means values. liberale Werte is an accusative plural object of vertritt, so liberale has the ending -e after no article.
Seine Position ist liberaler als meine.
His position is more liberal than mine.
seine Position means his position, and meine means mine. liberaler is the comparative after ist and is followed by als; because it is predicative, it has no adjective ending.
Diese Partei ist am liberalsten.
This party is the most liberal.
diese Partei means this party. am liberalsten is the predicative superlative after ist; do not use the am form directly before a noun, where liberalste is needed.

die Massentierhaltung — intensive animal farming ​

This compound combines Masse, meaning a large number, with Tierhaltung, meaning keeping animals. It is common in discussions about agriculture, animal welfare and the environment.
Die Massentierhaltung belastet die Umwelt.
Intensive animal farming puts a strain on the environment.
belastet means puts a strain on, and die Umwelt means the environment. Die Massentierhaltung is nominative because it is the subject, and the finite verb belastet is in position two.
Viele Menschen kritisieren die Massentierhaltung.
Many people criticize intensive animal farming.
viele Menschen means many people, and kritisieren means criticize. Die Massentierhaltung is accusative because it is the direct object of kritisieren; the finite verb is in position two.
Mit der Massentierhaltung verdient die Industrie viel Geld.
The industry makes a lot of money with intensive animal farming.
verdient means earns, die Industrie is the industry, and viel Geld means a lot of money. Der Massentierhaltung is dative because mit requires the dative; the verb verdient stands in position two.
Die Nachteile der Massentierhaltung sind bekannt.
The disadvantages of intensive animal farming are well known.
die Nachteile means the disadvantages, and bekannt means known. Der Massentierhaltung is genitive because it specifies the disadvantages; the plural subject Die Nachteile takes sind.
Massentierhaltungen gibt es in vielen Ländern.
There are intensive animal-farming systems in many countries.
gibt es means there are, and in vielen Ländern means in many countries. Massentierhaltungen is plural accusative after the fixed expression es gibt; the plural ending is -en.

der Ministerpräsident — state premier, regional head of government ​

A Ministerpräsident heads the government of a German federal state, such as Bavaria or North Rhine-Westphalia. It is a weak masculine noun, so use den Ministerpräsidenten, dem Ministerpräsidenten, and des Ministerpräsidenten; the plural is also Ministerpräsidenten.
Der Ministerpräsident hält heute eine Regierungserklärung.
The state premier is giving a government statement today.
hält means gives or delivers, heute means today, and eine Regierungserklärung means a formal government statement. Der Ministerpräsident is the nominative subject, and eine Regierungserklärung is accusative because halten takes a direct object.
Das Parlament bestätigt den Ministerpräsidenten.
The parliament confirms the state premier.
das Parlament means the parliament and bestätigt means confirms. Den Ministerpräsidenten is accusative because bestätigen takes a direct object; this weak masculine noun must end in -en outside the nominative singular.
Die Abgeordneten gratulieren dem Ministerpräsidenten.
The members of parliament congratulate the state premier.
die Abgeordneten means the members of parliament, and gratulieren means congratulate. Gratulieren takes a dative person, so dem Ministerpräsidenten is dative and has the required -en ending.
Die Rede des Ministerpräsidenten wurde live übertragen.
The state premier's speech was broadcast live.
die Rede means the speech, wurde übertragen means was broadcast, and live means live. Des Ministerpräsidenten is genitive to show whose speech it was; the weak noun keeps -en, and the passive verb phrase comes later in the clause.
Die Ministerpräsidenten treffen sich regelmäßig in Berlin.
The state premiers meet regularly in Berlin.
treffen sich means meet one another, regelmäßig means regularly, and in Berlin means in Berlin. Ministerpräsidenten is plural and is the nominative subject; the ending -en is part of both the plural and the weak-noun forms.

die Ministerpräsidentin — female state premier ​

This is the feminine form of der Ministerpräsident, a state premier. In Germany, Ministerpräsidentin usually refers to the head of a federal state, not the federal chancellor.
Die Ministerpräsidentin spricht heute im Landtag.
The female state premier is speaking in the state parliament today.
heute means today, and der Landtag is the parliament of a German federal state. Die Ministerpräsidentin is nominative because she is the subject; the finite verb spricht is in position two.
Die Bürger wählen die Ministerpräsidentin direkt.
The citizens elect the female state premier directly.
die Bürger means the citizens, and direkt means directly. Die Ministerpräsidentin is accusative because wählen takes a direct object; the finite verb wählen is in position two.
Die Journalisten stellen der Ministerpräsidentin kritische Fragen.
The journalists ask the female state premier critical questions.
die Journalisten means the journalists, and kritische Fragen means critical questions. Der Ministerpräsidentin is dative because jemandem Fragen stellen means ask someone questions; Fragen is accusative.
Die Entscheidung der Ministerpräsidentin sorgt für Diskussionen.
The female state premier's decision is causing discussions.
die Entscheidung means the decision, and Diskussionen means discussions. Der Ministerpräsidentin is genitive because it identifies whose decision it is; the feminine genitive article is der.
Mehrere Ministerpräsidentinnen treffen sich in Berlin.
Several female state premiers are meeting in Berlin.
mehrere means several, and treffen sich means meet. Ministerpräsidentinnen is plural, marked by -innen, and the plural subject takes the verb treffen.

die Mitbestimmung — participation in decision-making, co-determination ​

Mitbestimmung is especially common when talking about employees’ rights in a company. It is usually an uncountable noun, so learners normally say mehr Mitbestimmung rather than using a plural.
Mitbestimmung ist für viele Beschäftigte wichtig.
Participation in decision-making is important to many employees.
Beschäftigte means employees, and wichtig means important. Mitbestimmung is the nominative subject, and the linking verb ist stands in position two; für viele Beschäftigte is a prepositional phrase with für plus the accusative.
Viele Beschäftigte fordern mehr Mitbestimmung.
Many employees demand more participation in decision-making.
Viele Beschäftigte means many employees, fordern means demand, and mehr means more. Mitbestimmung is an accusative object because fordern takes an accusative object, while the finite verb fordern stands in position two.
Die Gewerkschaft gibt der Mitbestimmung mehr Gewicht.
The trade union gives participation in decision-making more weight.
Die Gewerkschaft is the trade union, gibt means gives, and mehr Gewicht means more weight. Der Mitbestimmung is dative because geben assigns a dative recipient or beneficiary; mehr Gewicht is the accusative thing being given.
Die Bedeutung der Mitbestimmung wächst.
The importance of participation in decision-making is growing.
Die Bedeutung means the importance of, and wächst means is growing. Der Mitbestimmung is genitive because it specifies the noun die Bedeutung; the finite verb wächst is in position two.
In Deutschland gibt es verschiedene Formen der Mitbestimmung.
In Germany there are different forms of participation in decision-making.
In Deutschland means in Germany, verschiedene Formen means different forms, and gibt es means there are. This example uses Mitbestimmung as a mass noun in the genitive phrase Formen der Mitbestimmung; in ordinary use it normally has no plural.

der Mord — murder ​

Mord is a legal and serious word for an intentional unlawful killing. It is stronger and more specific than Tötung, which means killing and may be used more neutrally.
Der Mord erschĂĽtterte die ganze Stadt.
The murder shocked the whole city.
erschĂĽtterte means shocked, die ganze Stadt means the entire city, and die Stadt is a town or city. Der Mord is nominative because it is the subject; the finite verb erschĂĽtterte stands in position two.
Die Polizei untersucht den Mord.
The police are investigating the murder.
die Polizei means the police, and untersucht means investigates. Den Mord is accusative because untersuchen takes a direct object, while the finite verb untersucht is in position two.
Bei dem Mord starb ein Nachbar.
A neighbour died in the murder.
bei means at or during, starb means died, and ein Nachbar is a neighbour. Dem Mord is dative because bei always takes the dative, and starb comes in position two.
Die Folgen des Mordes waren jahrelang spĂĽrbar.
The consequences of the murder could be felt for years.
die Folgen means the consequences, jahrelang means for years, and spĂĽrbar means noticeable or able to be felt. Des Mordes is genitive because it identifies which murder the consequences belong to; the ending -es is part of the genitive form.
In dieser Stadt gab es drei Morde.
There were three murders in this city.
in dieser Stadt means in this city, gab es means there were, and drei means three. Morde is the plural of Mord; after es gab, the thing that existed is normally accusative, although the plural form looks the same as the nominative.

der Nationalrat — National Council; member of a National Council; member of the National Council ​

Der Nationalrat refers to a parliamentary chamber in Austria and Switzerland; in context it can also refer to a member of that chamber. The political meaning and the exact powers differ between the two countries.
Der Nationalrat berät heute über das neue Gesetz.
The National Council is discussing the new law today.
berät means discusses or deliberates, heute means today, and das neue Gesetz means the new law. Der Nationalrat is nominative because it is the subject; the finite verb berät stands in position two.
Die Regierung informiert den Nationalrat ĂĽber den Plan.
The government informs the National Council about the plan.
Die Regierung means the government, informiert means informs, and der Plan means the plan. Den Nationalrat is accusative because informieren takes a direct object; ĂĽber den Plan uses accusative because ĂĽber means about here.
Die Ministerin antwortet dem Nationalrat.
The minister answers the National Council.
Die Ministerin means the minister, and antwortet means answers. Dem Nationalrat is dative because antworten governs the dative; the finite verb antwortet is in position two.
Die Entscheidung des Nationalrats wird morgen bekannt gegeben.
The decision of the National Council will be announced tomorrow.
Die Entscheidung means the decision, morgen means tomorrow, and bekannt gegeben means announced. Des Nationalrats is genitive because it shows whose decision it is; wird ... gegeben is a passive verb bracket with the participle at the end.
Die Nationalräte stimmen über den Antrag ab.
The members of the National Council vote on the motion.
stimmen ... ab means vote, and der Antrag means the motion or proposal. Nationalräte is plural and nominative because it is the subject; the separable verb abstimmen splits, with stimmen in position two and ab at the end.
Ein Nationalrat spricht mit der Presse.
A member of the National Council is speaking with the press.
Ein means a, spricht means speaks, mit der Presse means with the press. Ein Nationalrat is nominative because it is the subject, and mit forces the dative in der Presse.
Die Journalistin interviewt den Nationalrat.
The journalist interviews the member of the National Council.
Die Journalistin means the journalist, and interviewt means interviews. Den Nationalrat is accusative because interviewen takes a direct object; the masculine article changes from der to den.

der Nationalsozialismus — National Socialism, Nazism ​

This is a historical and political term for the Nazi ideology and regime, not a neutral name for modern German politics. It is normally used without a plural and often appears in the genitive phrase des Nationalsozialismus.
Der Nationalsozialismus fĂĽhrte zu Krieg und Verfolgung.
National Socialism led to war and persecution.
Krieg means war and Verfolgung means persecution. The headword is nominative because it is the subject, and the finite verb fĂĽhrte stands in position two.
Viele Menschen lehnen den Nationalsozialismus ab.
Many people reject National Socialism.
Viele Menschen means many people and ablehnen means to reject. The headword is accusative because ablehnen takes a direct object; the prefix ab is separated in the main clause, so lehnen stands in position two and ab goes to the end.
Die Ausstellung widmet sich dem Nationalsozialismus.
The exhibition is devoted to National Socialism.
Die Ausstellung means the exhibition and sich widmen means to be devoted to something. The headword is dative because sich widmen requires a dative object, while widmet is the finite verb in position two.
Die Folgen des Nationalsozialismus sind bis heute spĂĽrbar.
The consequences of National Socialism can still be felt today.
Die Folgen means the consequences and bis heute means to this day; spĂĽrbar means perceptible or able to be felt. The genitive phrase shows whose consequences they are, and sind is in position two.
Der Unterricht behandelt die Geschichte des Nationalsozialismus.
The lesson covers the history of National Socialism.
Der Unterricht means the lesson, behandelt means covers, and die Geschichte means the history. The headword is genitive after die Geschichte, showing which history is meant; the direct object die Geschichte is accusative.

die Norm — standard, norm ​

Die Norm can be an official technical standard or a generally accepted rule. Do not confuse it with normal, which is an adjective meaning ordinary or usual.
Die Norm fĂĽr diese PrĂĽfung ist sehr hoch.
The standard for this examination is very high.
die PrĂĽfung means the examination and hoch means high. Die Norm is nominative because it is the subject, while fĂĽr diese PrĂĽfung is accusative after fĂĽr.
Die Firma erfĂĽllt die Norm.
The company meets the standard.
die Firma means the company and erfĂĽllen means to meet or fulfil. Die Norm is accusative because erfĂĽllen takes a direct object, and the finite verb erfĂĽllt is in position two.
Die Hersteller mĂĽssen sich an der Norm orientieren.
The manufacturers have to follow the standard.
die Hersteller means the manufacturers and sich orientieren an means to follow or base oneself on. Der Norm is dative because an takes the dative with this fixed expression; mĂĽssen is in position two and orientieren goes to the end.
Die Einhaltung der Norm wird kontrolliert.
Compliance with the standard is checked.
die Einhaltung means compliance and kontrolliert means checked. Der Norm is genitive because it specifies which standard is being complied with; the finite verb wird stands in position two.
Internationale Normen erleichtern den Handel.
International standards make trade easier.
international means international, erleichtern means make easier, and der Handel means trade. Internationale Normen is plural nominative because it is the subject, and the finite verb erleichtern is in position two.

das Ortsgespräch — local telephone call ​

Ortsgespräch is a technical and somewhat dated telecommunications word; everyday speakers more often say lokales Telefongespräch or simply describe the call. The compound means a call within one local telephone network.
Das Ortsgespräch dauert nur fünf Minuten.
The local call lasts only five minutes.
dauert means “lasts,” and fünf Minuten means “five minutes.” Das Ortsgespräch is nominative because it is the subject; the finite verb dauert stands in position two.
Wir bezahlen das Ortsgespräch sofort.
We pay for the local call immediately.
bezahlen means “pay for,” and sofort means “immediately.” Das Ortsgespräch is accusative because it is the direct object of bezahlen; the neuter article looks the same in nominative and accusative.
Die Firma bietet uns ein Ortsgespräch an.
The company offers us a local call.
die Firma is the company, bietet ... an means “offers,” and uns means “us.” Uns is dative as the recipient, while ein Ortsgespräch is accusative as the thing offered; the separable verb places an at the end.
Die Kosten des Ortsgesprächs sind niedrig.
The cost of the local call is low.
die Kosten means “the costs,” and niedrig means “low.” Des Ortsgesprächs is genitive because it identifies which call the costs belong to; the compound adds -s in the genitive.
Das Ortsgespräch ist beendet.
The local call is over.
beendet means “finished” or “over.” Das Ortsgespräch is the nominative subject, and ist comes in position two before the adjective.
Früher waren Ortsgespräche günstiger.
In the past, local calls were cheaper.
früher means “in the past,” and günstiger means “cheaper.” Ortsgespräche is plural and has no article here; waren is the plural past form of sein.

die Personalien — personal details, particulars ​

Die Personalien is used mainly in official or formal contexts for identifying details such as a name, address or date of birth. It is plural-only, so do not create a singular form or use a singular verb with it.
Die Personalien der Zeugin sind bekannt.
The witness's personal details are known.
die Zeugin is the female witness and bekannt means known. Die Personalien is a plural-only noun, so it takes the plural verb sind; der Zeugin is genitive because it identifies whose details they are.
Die Polizei nimmt die Personalien des Mannes auf.
The police record the man's personal details.
die Polizei is the police, der Mann is the man, and aufnehmen means to record or take down. Die Personalien is accusative because it is the object of aufnehmen, which splits in a main clause: nimmt stands in position two and auf goes to the end.
Der Beamte fragt nach den Personalien.
The official asks for the personal details.
der Beamte is the official and fragen nach means to ask for or enquire about. Den Personalien is dative because nach governs the dative; the plural article is den, and the noun itself stays unchanged.
Die ĂśberprĂĽfung der Personalien dauert lange.
Checking the personal details takes a long time.
die ĂśberprĂĽfung is the checking or verification and lange dauern means to take a long time. Der Personalien is genitive plural because it specifies what is being checked; Personalien has the same form in the plural cases.
Bitte tragen Sie Ihre Personalien in dieses Formular ein.
Please enter your personal details on this form.
eintragen means to enter or fill in, das Formular is the form, and Ihre means your in the polite form. Ihre Personalien is accusative because it is the object of eintragen; the separable prefix ein goes to the end of the main clause.

der Personenstand — civil status, marital status ​

This is mainly an administrative and legal term. It includes more than marital status: for example, being single, married, divorced, or widowed.
Der Personenstand steht im Formular.
The civil status is stated on the form.
das Formular means the form, and stehen means to be written or stated. Der Personenstand is nominative because it is the subject; steht is the finite verb in position two.
Bitte geben Sie den Personenstand an.
Please state your civil status.
bitte means please, angeben means to state or provide, and Sie is the formal you. Den Personenstand is accusative because angeben takes an accusative object; in this imperative, geben comes first and the separable prefix an goes to the end.
Die Behörde hilft Bürgern mit dem Personenstand.
The authority helps citizens with civil-status matters.
die Behörde is the authority, and Bürgern means citizens. Mit requires the dative, so dem Personenstand is dative; the finite verb hilft stands in position two.
Die Ă„nderung des Personenstands kostet GebĂĽhren.
The change of civil status costs fees.
die Ă„nderung means the change, and GebĂĽhren are fees. Des Personenstands is genitive because it specifies what kind of change is meant; des also marks the masculine genitive singular.
Verschiedene Personenstände werden im Register erfasst.
Different civil statuses are recorded in the register.
verschiedene means different, das Register means the register, and erfassen means to record. Personenstände is plural and the subject of the passive sentence; werden erfasst forms the passive, with the participle at the end.
Der Personenstand muss nachgewiesen werden.
The civil status must be proved.
nachweisen means to prove or provide official evidence of something, and mĂĽssen means must. Der Personenstand is nominative as the subject; with the modal verb, muss is in position two and nachgewiesen werden goes to the end.

radikal — radical, extreme; far-reaching; radical, politically extreme ​

Radikal can describe an extreme action or a far-reaching change, not only politics. Its comparison is regular: radikaler, am radikalsten.
Der Vorschlag ist radikal.
The proposal is radical.
der Vorschlag means the proposal. Radikal is predicative after ist, so it has no adjective ending; ist is the finite verb in position two.
Sie plant eine radikale Ă„nderung.
She is planning a radical change.
plant means is planning, and die Ă„nderung means the change. Eine radikale Ă„nderung is accusative because planen takes a direct object; the adjective has -e after the indefinite article in feminine accusative.
Diese Lösung ist radikaler als die alte.
This solution is more radical than the old one.
diese Lösung means this solution, and die alte means the old one. Radikaler compares two solutions and is followed by als; after ist, the adjective is predicative and has no ending.
Das war die radikalste Ă„nderung des Jahres.
That was the most radical change of the year.
das war means that was, and des Jahres means of the year. Before the feminine noun, the superlative is radikalste with an adjective ending; des Jahres is genitive and shows the time period.
Die radikale Partei fordert mehr direkte Demokratie.
The radical party is calling for more direct democracy.
die Partei means the party, fordert means demands or calls for, and direkte Demokratie means direct democracy. Die radikale Partei is nominative as the subject, while mehr direkte Demokratie is accusative as the object of fordert; the finite verb is in position two.
Viele Menschen lehnen radikale Ideen ab.
Many people reject radical ideas.
viele Menschen means many people, Ideen means ideas, and ablehnen means to reject. Radikale Ideen is accusative after ablehnen; the separable verb has lehnen in position two and ab at the end.

radikal — radically, drastically ​

As an adverb, radikal describes an action that goes to the root of a problem or is very drastic. It does not change its form.
Die Stadt will den Verkehr radikal verändern.
The city wants to change traffic radically.
die Stadt means the city, der Verkehr means traffic, and verändern means to change. Radikal modifies verändern; after will, the other verb stays in the infinitive at the end of the clause.
Das neue Gesetz senkt die Kosten radikal.
The new law cuts costs drastically.
das neue Gesetz means the new law, senken means to lower or cut, and die Kosten means the costs. Radikal describes the extent of senkt and comes at the end here; the finite verb senkt is in position two.

die Reform — reform, change to a system ​

Reform usually refers to a planned improvement of an existing system, not to its complete destruction. It is common in political, social, legal, and economic language.
Die Reform verbessert das Gesundheitssystem.
The reform improves the healthcare system.
verbessert means improves, and das Gesundheitssystem means the healthcare system. Die Reform is nominative because it is the subject, while das Gesundheitssystem is accusative because verbessern takes an accusative object.
Die Regierung plant eine Reform des Rentensystems.
The government is planning a reform of the pension system.
die Regierung means the government, plant means is planning, and das Rentensystem means the pension system. eine Reform is accusative after plant; des Rentensystems is genitive and means “of the pension system.”
Viele BĂĽrger widersprechen der Reform.
Many citizens oppose the reform.
viele BĂĽrger means many citizens, and widersprechen means contradict or oppose. der Reform is dative because widersprechen always takes a dative object; the feminine article changes from die to der.
Die Ziele der Reform sind noch unklar.
The aims of the reform are still unclear.
die Ziele means the aims, and noch unklar means still unclear. der Reform is genitive after Ziele to show which reform the aims belong to; the plural subject Die Ziele controls the verb sind.
Die Reformen haben den Arbeitsmarkt verändert.
The reforms have changed the labour market.
haben verändert means have changed, and der Arbeitsmarkt means the labour market. Die Reformen is plural nominative as the subject, while den Arbeitsmarkt is accusative after verändert.

die Regelung — regulation, arrangement, provision; arrangement, solution ​

die Regelung is more formal and often more official than die Regel, especially in legal or administrative language. It can mean either a rule itself or an arrangement for dealing with something.
Die Regelung gilt ab nächster Woche.
The regulation applies from next week.
gilt means applies or is valid, and ab nächster Woche means from next week. Die Regelung is nominative because it is the subject, and the finite verb gilt stands in position two.
Das Unternehmen prĂĽft die neue Regelung.
The company is examining the new regulation.
das Unternehmen means the company, prĂĽft means examines, and neu means new. Die neue Regelung is accusative because prĂĽfen takes a direct object; the feminine article and adjective ending show the case.
Wir folgen der Regelung genau.
We follow the regulation precisely.
folgen means follow, and genau means precisely. Der Regelung is dative because folgen governs the dative, not the accusative; the finite verb folgen is in position two.
Die Einzelheiten der Regelung stehen im Vertrag.
The details of the regulation are in the contract.
die Einzelheiten means the details, stehen means are written or stand, and der Vertrag means the contract. Der Regelung is genitive because it identifies whose details they are; the plural subject die Einzelheiten controls stehen.
Die neuen Regelungen sorgen fĂĽr mehr Sicherheit.
The new regulations provide more safety.
neuen means new, sorgen fĂĽr means provide or ensure, and mehr Sicherheit means more safety. Die neuen Regelungen is plural nominative because it is the subject, while fĂĽr takes the accusative in mehr Sicherheit.
Wir brauchen eine schnelle Regelung fĂĽr das Problem.
We need a quick solution for the problem.
brauchen means need, schnell means quick, and das Problem means the problem. Eine schnelle Regelung is accusative after brauchen, while fĂĽr das Problem is also accusative because fĂĽr always takes the accusative.
Nach langen Gesprächen wurde eine Regelung gefunden.
A solution was found after long discussions.
nach langen Gesprächen means after long discussions, and wurde gefunden means was found. Nach takes the dative, so Gesprächen is dative plural; the passive subject eine Regelung is nominative, and the participle goes to the end.

der Regierungschef — head of government, prime minister ​

This masculine noun can describe a prime minister or another person who leads a government. It is a compound of Regierung (government) and Chef (boss or head).
Der Regierungschef spricht heute im Parlament.
The head of government is speaking in parliament today.
spricht means is speaking, and heute means today; das Parlament is parliament. Der Regierungschef is nominative because it is the subject, and the finite verb spricht is in position two.
Die Zeitung interviewt den Regierungschef.
The newspaper is interviewing the head of government.
die Zeitung means the newspaper, and interviewt means interviews. Den Regierungschef is accusative because interviewen takes a direct object; the finite verb interviewt stands in position two.
Die Ministerin dankt dem Regierungschef.
The minister thanks the head of government.
die Ministerin means the female minister, and dankt means thanks. Dem Regierungschef is dative because danken requires a dative object, not an accusative one.
Die Rede des Regierungschefs beginnt um acht Uhr.
The head of government's speech begins at eight o'clock.
die Rede means the speech, and beginnt means begins. Des Regierungschefs is genitive because it shows whose speech it is; the masculine noun has -s, and the finite verb beginnt is in position two.
Mehrere Regierungschefs treffen sich in Berlin.
Several heads of government are meeting in Berlin.
mehrere means several, and treffen sich means meet each other. Regierungschefs is plural and is the nominative subject; the finite verb treffen is in position two.

die Regierungschefin — female head of government, female prime minister ​

This is the feminine form of der Regierungschef. The plural ending is -innen, as with many feminine nouns ending in -in.
Die Regierungschefin stellt heute ihren Plan vor.
The head of government is presenting her plan today.
stellt vor means presents, and ihren Plan means her plan. Die Regierungschefin is nominative because it is the subject; the separable verb vorstellen splits, with stellt in position two and vor at the end.
Das Volk wählt die Regierungschefin.
The people elect the head of government.
das Volk means the people, and wählt means elects. Die Regierungschefin is accusative because wählen takes a direct object; the feminine article stays die in both nominative and accusative.
Der Präsident gratuliert der Regierungschefin.
The president congratulates the head of government.
der Präsident means the president, and gratuliert means congratulates. Der Regierungschefin is dative because gratulieren requires a dative object; the feminine dative article is der.
Die Entscheidung der Regierungschefin sorgt fĂĽr Diskussionen.
The head of government's decision is causing discussions.
die Entscheidung means the decision, and sorgt fĂĽr Diskussionen means causes discussions. Der Regierungschefin is genitive because it shows whose decision it is; the feminine genitive article is der.
Die Regierungschefinnen beraten gemeinsam.
The female heads of government are consulting together.
beraten means consult or discuss matters, and gemeinsam means together. Regierungschefinnen is plural and nominative because it is the subject; -in changes to -innen in the plural.

die Regulierung — regulation; adjustment; adjustment; control ​

In everyday and official language, Regulierung usually refers to rules imposed to control something. For the physical or technical setting of something, it can also mean adjustment.
Die Regulierung des Marktes schĂĽtzt kleine Unternehmen.
Regulation of the market protects small businesses.
der Markt means the market, schĂĽtzen means to protect, and kleine Unternehmen means small businesses. Die Regulierung is nominative because it is the subject, while des Marktes is genitive because it identifies what is regulated; the finite verb schĂĽtzt is in position two.
Die Regierung plant eine neue Regulierung fĂĽr soziale Medien.
The government is planning a new regulation for social media.
die Regierung means the government, plant means is planning, neu means new, and soziale Medien means social media. eine neue Regulierung is accusative because planen takes an accusative object; the finite verb plant stands in position two.
Viele Firmen widersprechen der Regulierung.
Many companies object to the regulation.
viele Firmen means many companies, and widersprechen means to object to or contradict. der Regulierung is dative because widersprechen governs the dative; the finite verb widersprechen is in position two.
Die Folgen der Regulierung sind noch unklar.
The consequences of the regulation are still unclear.
die Folgen means the consequences, noch means still, and unklar means unclear. der Regulierung is genitive because it specifies whose consequences they are; the finite verb sind is in position two.
Strenge Regulierungen gelten fĂĽr Banken.
Strict regulations apply to banks.
strenge means strict, gelten means apply or be valid, and Banken means banks. Strenge Regulierungen is plural nominative because it is the subject, and the finite verb gelten agrees with the plural.
Die technische Regulierung eines Geräts dauert nur wenige Minuten.
The technical adjustment of a device takes only a few minutes.
technisch means technical, ein Gerät is a device, dauern means to take time, and wenige Minuten means a few minutes. eines Geräts is genitive after the noun Regulierung, and the finite verb dauert is in position two.
Die automatische Regulierung der Temperatur spart Energie.
Automatic temperature control saves energy.
automatisch means automatic, die Temperatur means the temperature, sparen means to save, and Energie means energy. der Temperatur is genitive after Regulierung, while the finite verb spart is in position two.
Eine gute Regulierung sorgt für gleichmäßige Beleuchtung.
Good adjustment ensures even lighting.
gut means good, sorgen für means to ensure or provide, gleichmäßig means even, and Beleuchtung means lighting. Eine gute Regulierung is nominative as the subject, and für takes the accusative in für gleichmäßige Beleuchtung.

der Rücktritt — resignation, withdrawal; withdrawal, cancellation ​

RĂĽcktritt most often means resignation from a political or professional position. In legal or commercial contexts, it can also mean withdrawal from or cancellation of an agreement.
Der RĂĽcktritt des Ministers ĂĽberrascht alle.
The minister's resignation surprises everyone.
der Minister means the minister, ĂĽberrascht means surprises, and alle means everyone. Der RĂĽcktritt is nominative as the subject, while des Ministers is genitive to show whose resignation it is.
Die Partei fordert den RĂĽcktritt des Vorsitzenden.
The party demands the chairperson's resignation.
die Partei means the party, fordert means demands, and der Vorsitzende means the chairperson. Den RĂĽcktritt is accusative because fordern takes a direct object; des Vorsitzenden is genitive and identifies the person resigning.
Viele Abgeordnete widersprechen dem RĂĽcktritt.
Many members of parliament oppose the resignation.
viele Abgeordnete means many members of parliament, and widersprechen means to oppose or contradict. Dem RĂĽcktritt is dative because widersprechen governs the dative; the finite verb widersprechen is in position two.
Die Folgen des RĂĽcktritts sind noch unklar.
The consequences of the resignation are still unclear.
die Folgen means the consequences, noch means still, and unklar means unclear. Des RĂĽcktritts is genitive after die Folgen to show which consequences; sind agrees with the plural subject.
Die angekĂĽndigten RĂĽcktritte sorgten fĂĽr Unruhe.
The announced resignations caused unrest.
angekĂĽndigt means announced, sorgten means caused, and die Unruhe means unrest. RĂĽcktritte is plural and nominative as the subject; the preterite verb sorgten agrees with it.
Der Rücktritt vom Vertrag ist möglich.
Withdrawal from the contract is possible.
der Vertrag means the contract, and möglich means possible. Vom Vertrag is short for von dem Vertrag; the noun phrase is the subject, and ist stands in position two.
Kunden haben ein Recht auf RĂĽcktritt.
Customers have a right of withdrawal.
Kunden means customers, ein Recht means a right, and haben means have. Auf RĂĽcktritt follows ein Recht auf in this fixed expression; haben is the finite verb in position two.

der Sachschaden — property damage; material damage ​

Sachschaden means damage to property, not physical injury to a person; injury is Personenschaden. It is common in insurance and accident reports, and its plural is Sachschäden.
Der Sachschaden ist hoch.
The property damage is extensive.
hoch means high or extensive. Der Sachschaden is nominative because it is the subject, and the finite verb ist stands in position two.
Die Versicherung ersetzt den Sachschaden.
The insurance company covers the property damage.
die Versicherung means the insurance company, and ersetzt means replaces or covers. Den Sachschaden is accusative because ersetzen takes a direct object; the finite verb ersetzt is in position two.
Mit dem Sachschaden allein ist der Fall noch nicht geklärt.
The property damage alone does not yet settle the case.
allein means alone, der Fall means the case, and geklärt means settled or clarified. Dem Sachschaden is dative because mit always takes the dative; the finite verb ist remains in position two even though the sentence begins with a prepositional phrase.
Die Höhe des Sachschadens ist noch unklar.
The extent of the property damage is still unclear.
die Höhe means the extent or amount, and unklar means unclear. Des Sachschadens is genitive because it specifies the extent of what was damaged; the masculine article is des and the noun ends in -s.
Bei Unwettern entstehen oft große Sachschäden.
Severe weather often causes extensive property damage.
bei Unwettern means during or in severe storms, entstehen means arise or occur, and oft means often. Sachschäden is plural and nominative because it is the subject; the verb entstehen is in position two after the opening prepositional phrase.

der Solidaritätszuschlag — solidarity surcharge; tax surcharge for certain taxpayers ​

der Solidaritätszuschlag is a German tax term, often shortened in everyday and financial contexts to Soli. Its plural is Solidaritätszuschläge, with an umlaut and -e.
Der Solidaritätszuschlag wird direkt von der Steuer abgezogen.
The solidarity surcharge is deducted directly from the tax.
wird abgezogen means is deducted, direkt means directly, and Steuer means tax. Der Solidaritätszuschlag is the nominative subject of the passive sentence; the finite verb wird is in position two and abgezogen goes to the end.
Viele Menschen zahlen den Solidaritätszuschlag nicht mehr.
Many people no longer pay the solidarity surcharge.
viele Menschen means many people, zahlen means pay, and nicht mehr means no longer. Den Solidaritätszuschlag is accusative because zahlen takes the tax as a direct object; the finite verb zahlen stands in position two.
Mit dem Solidaritätszuschlag finanziert der Staat bestimmte Aufgaben.
The state finances certain tasks with the solidarity surcharge.
mit means with, finanziert means finances, Staat means state, and bestimmte Aufgaben means certain tasks. Dem Solidaritätszuschlag is dative because mit always takes the dative; the finite verb finanziert is in position two after the fronted phrase.
Die Höhe des Solidaritätszuschlags hängt vom Einkommen ab.
The amount of the solidarity surcharge depends on income.
Höhe means amount, hängt ... ab means depends on, and Einkommen means income. Des Solidaritätszuschlags is genitive because it specifies whose amount it is; the separable verb puts hängt in position two and ab at the end.
Die Solidaritätszuschläge wurden neu berechnet.
The solidarity surcharges were recalculated.
wurden means were, neu means newly, and berechnet means calculated. Solidaritätszuschläge is the plural, formed with an umlaut and -e; the passive participle berechnet stands at the end.
Die Regierung diskutiert den Solidaritätszuschlag im Parlament.
The government is discussing the solidarity surcharge in parliament.
Regierung means government, diskutiert means discusses, and Parlament means parliament. Den Solidaritätszuschlag is accusative because diskutieren takes a direct object; im Parlament is a location phrase with dative im.
Für den Solidaritätszuschlag gelten besondere Regeln.
Special rules apply to the solidarity surcharge.
für means for, gelten means apply, and besondere Regeln means special rules. Den Solidaritätszuschlag is accusative because für always takes the accusative; the finite verb gelten is in position two after the fronted prepositional phrase.

der Sozialismus — socialism ​

Sozialismus is normally an abstract, uncountable noun, so it has no ordinary plural. It can refer both to the political ideology and to a system based on that ideology.
Der Sozialismus betont die Gleichheit aller Menschen.
Socialism emphasises the equality of all people.
betont means emphasises, and die Gleichheit means equality; aller Menschen means of all people. Der Sozialismus is nominative as the subject, while aller Menschen is genitive after Gleichheit to show whose equality is meant.
Viele Menschen diskutieren den Sozialismus.
Many people discuss socialism.
viele Menschen means many people, and diskutieren means discuss. den Sozialismus is accusative because diskutieren takes the topic being discussed; the finite verb is in position two.
Sie glaubt an den Sozialismus.
She believes in socialism.
sie glaubt means she believes, and an means in when referring to a belief or idea. The expression an etwas glauben takes an with the accusative, so den Sozialismus is accusative, not dative.
Die Ideen des Sozialismus beeinflussten viele Länder.
The ideas of socialism influenced many countries.
die Ideen means the ideas, beeinflussten means influenced, and viele Länder means many countries. des Sozialismus is genitive after Ideen and expresses connection or origin; viele Länder is accusative as the object.

sozialistisch — socialist ​

sozialistisch describes ideas, parties, states, or systems connected with Sozialismus. It is a political adjective and is more specific than sozial, which usually means social or concerned with society.
Die Partei ist sozialistisch.
The party is socialist.
die Partei means the party, and ist means is. sozialistisch is predicative after sein, so it has no adjective ending; the finite verb ist stands in position two.
Er liest ein sozialistisches Buch.
He is reading a socialist book.
er liest means he is reading, and ein Buch means a book. sozialistisches Buch is an accusative object after lesen, and the adjective takes -es after the neuter indefinite article ein.
Die neue Regierung ist sozialistischer als die alte.
The new government is more socialist than the old one.
die neue Regierung means the new government, and die alte means the old one. sozialistischer als compares two governments; after sein, the comparative is predicative and has no ending.
Diese Gruppe ist am sozialistischsten.
This group is the most socialist.
diese Gruppe means this group, and am introduces the predicative superlative. am sozialistischsten follows sein and therefore has no adjective ending; it is not used directly before a noun.

der Staatsanwalt — public prosecutor; male public prosecutor ​

The feminine form is die Staatsanwältin. In legal contexts, the title is often followed by a surname without an article, for example when addressing or naming an official.
Der Staatsanwalt spricht mit dem Richter.
The public prosecutor is speaking with the judge.
spricht means speaks, mit means with, and der Richter is the judge. Der Staatsanwalt is nominative because it is the subject; the finite verb spricht is in position two, and mit dem Richter is dative because mit requires the dative.
Das Gericht hört den Staatsanwalt.
The court hears the public prosecutor.
das Gericht is the court, hört means hears, and den means the in the masculine accusative. Den Staatsanwalt is accusative because hören takes a direct object; this weak noun changes from der Staatsanwalt to den Staatsanwalt, not to den Staatsanwalten.
Die Zeugin antwortet dem Staatsanwalt.
The witness answers the public prosecutor.
die Zeugin is the female witness and antwortet means answers. Dem Staatsanwalt is dative because antworten takes a dative person; as a weak masculine noun, Staatsanwalt has -n outside the nominative.
Die Aussage des Staatsanwalts war ĂĽberzeugend.
The public prosecutor's statement was convincing.
die Aussage means statement and ĂĽberzeugend means convincing. Des Staatsanwalts is genitive because it shows whose statement it was; the genitive singular ends in -s in this noun, while other oblique singular cases use -n.
Die Staatsanwälte beraten sich vor dem Prozess.
The public prosecutors consult one another before the trial.
beraten means consult, sich means one another here, and der Prozess is the trial. Staatsanwälte is the plural nominative subject; after vor dem Prozess, vor takes the dative because this phrase describes a time or location, not movement.
Der Staatsanwalt prĂĽft die Beweise.
The public prosecutor examines the evidence.
prüft means examines, die Beweise are the evidence, and zuständig would mean responsible if used with this word. Der Staatsanwalt is the nominative subject and die Beweise is accusative after prüfen; the finite verb prüft is in position two.
Der Angeklagte spricht mit seinem Staatsanwalt.
The accused man speaks with his public prosecutor.
der Angeklagte is the accused person and sein means his. Mit seinem Staatsanwalt is dative because mit always requires the dative, and the weak noun keeps -n in this form.

die Staatsanwältin — female public prosecutor; female public prosecutor ​

This is the feminine form of der Staatsanwalt. It is formed with -in, and the plural has the special ending -innen.
Die Staatsanwältin erklärt den Fall.
The public prosecutor explains the case.
erklärt means explains and der Fall means the case. Die Staatsanwältin is nominative because it is the subject, while den Fall is accusative because erklären takes a direct object; the finite verb is in position two.
Das Gericht befragt die Staatsanwältin.
The court questions the public prosecutor.
das Gericht is the court and befragt means questions. Die Staatsanwältin is accusative because befragen takes a direct object; for a feminine noun, the article die looks the same in nominative and accusative.
Der Zeuge antwortet der Staatsanwältin.
The witness answers the public prosecutor.
der Zeuge is the witness and antwortet means answers. Der Staatsanwältin is dative because antworten takes a dative person; the feminine article changes from die to der in the dative.
Die Entscheidung der Staatsanwältin überrascht alle.
The public prosecutor's decision surprises everyone.
die Entscheidung means decision, überrascht means surprises, and alle means everyone. Der Staatsanwältin is genitive because it shows whose decision it is; alle is accusative as the object of überraschen.
Die Staatsanwältinnen arbeiten an einem schwierigen Fall.
The female public prosecutors are working on a difficult case.
arbeiten means work, schwierig means difficult, and der Fall is the case. Staatsanwältinnen is plural nominative because it is the subject; an einem schwierigen Fall is dative because an describes work being done on a matter rather than movement to a place.
Die erfahrene Staatsanwältin stellt Fragen.
The experienced public prosecutor asks questions.
erfahren means experienced and stellt Fragen means asks questions. Die Staatsanwältin is the nominative subject, and erfahrene has the feminine ending -e after die; the verb stellt is in position two.
Ich habe mit einer Staatsanwältin gesprochen.
I spoke with a female public prosecutor.
habe gesprochen means spoke or have spoken, and einer is a feminine indefinite article in the dative. Mit einer Staatsanwältin is dative because mit requires that case; the Partizip II gesprochen goes to the end with the auxiliary habe.

die Staatsgründung — founding of a state; founding event of a state ​

This formal compound refers to the creation of a new state, usually as a historical or political event. StaatsgrĂĽndung is not normally used for the founding of an ordinary organisation or company.
Die StaatsgrĂĽndung war ein wichtiger Moment.
The founding of the state was an important moment.
wichtig means important and der Moment means moment. Die StaatsgrĂĽndung is nominative because it is the subject; war is the past-tense form of sein and stands in position two.
Das Land feiert die StaatsgrĂĽndung.
The country celebrates the founding of the state.
das Land means the country and feiert means celebrates. Die StaatsgrĂĽndung is accusative because feiern takes a direct object; the feminine article die is identical in nominative and accusative.
Nach der Staatsgründung änderte sich die politische Ordnung.
After the founding of the state, the political order changed.
nach means after, änderte sich means changed, and die politische Ordnung is the political order. Nach der Staatsgründung is dative because nach requires the dative; sich ändern is reflexive, and the finite verb änderte is in position two.
Die Geschichte der StaatsgrĂĽndung wird im Museum gezeigt.
The history of the founding of the state is shown in the museum.
die Geschichte means history, das Museum is the museum, and gezeigt means shown. Der StaatsgrĂĽndung is genitive because it specifies which history; wird ... gezeigt is passive, with gezeigt at the end.
Viele StaatsgrĂĽndungen fĂĽhrten zu neuen Grenzen.
Many state foundations led to new borders.
viele means many, fĂĽhrten zu means led to, and neue Grenzen are new borders. StaatsgrĂĽndungen is plural nominative because it is the subject; zu neuen Grenzen is dative because zu always takes the dative.
Der Jahrestag der StaatsgrĂĽndung ist ein Feiertag.
The anniversary of the founding of the state is a public holiday.
der Jahrestag means anniversary and der Feiertag means public holiday. Der StaatsgrĂĽndung is genitive because it identifies which anniversary; the whole phrase Der Jahrestag der StaatsgrĂĽndung is the nominative subject.
Zum Gedenken an die StaatsgrĂĽndung gibt es eine Ausstellung.
There is an exhibition commemorating the founding of the state.
zum Gedenken an means in commemoration of, gibt es means there is, and die Ausstellung is the exhibition. Die StaatsgrĂĽndung is accusative because an in this fixed phrase requires the accusative; gibt es introduces something that exists, with the verb in position two.

der Status — status, condition; social status, standing ​

Status is used for a current condition or stage, especially in administration, technology, and work. Its plural is also Status, so the article and verb are important clues to number.
Der Status der Bestellung ist noch offen.
The status of the order is still open.
die Bestellung means the order, noch means still, and offen means open or unresolved. Der Status is nominative as the subject, while der Bestellung is genitive after the noun Status; the finite verb ist is in position two.
Wir prĂĽfen den Status online.
We are checking the status online.
prĂĽfen means check and online means online. den Status is accusative because prĂĽfen takes a direct object; the finite verb prĂĽfen stands in position two.
Nach dem Update änderte sich der Status.
After the update, the status changed.
nach dem Update means after the update, ändern means change, and sich means itself or changed in this reflexive expression. nach takes the dative, so dem Update is dative; the finite verb änderte is in position two.
Die Anzeige des Status fehlt.
The status display is missing.
die Anzeige means the display and fehlen means be missing. des Status is genitive because it specifies what the display shows; the finite verb fehlt stands in position two.
Die verschiedenen Status sind im System gespeichert.
The different statuses are saved in the system.
verschieden means different, im System means in the system, and gespeichert means saved. Status has the same spelling in singular and plural, but die verschiedenen Status is plural because of die and sind.
Sein sozialer Status hat sich verändert.
His social status has changed.
sein means his, sozial means social, and sich verändern means change. sozialer Status is nominative because it is the subject, and the adjective ending -er agrees with the masculine noun after the possessive determiner.
Geld bestimmt oft den Status einer Person.
Money often determines a person's status.
Geld means money, bestimmen means determine, oft means often, and eine Person means a person. den Status is accusative because bestimmen takes a direct object, while einer Person is genitive after the noun to mean of a person.

traditionsreich — rich in traditions ​

traditionsreich describes places, organisations, or cultures with many established traditions. It is more formal and less common than simply saying that something eine lange Tradition hat.
Die Stadt ist traditionsreich.
The city is rich in traditions.
die Stadt means the city. After ist, traditionsreich is a predicative adjective and has no ending; the finite verb ist is in position two.
Wir besuchen eine traditionsreiche Universität.
We are visiting a university rich in traditions.
besuchen means to visit and die Universität means the university. eine traditionsreiche Universität is accusative because besuchen takes an accusative object, so the feminine adjective takes -e after eine.
Diese Region ist traditionsreicher als die Nachbarregion.
This region is richer in traditions than the neighbouring region.
diese Region means this region and die Nachbarregion means the neighbouring region. traditionsreicher compares two regions and is followed by als; as a predicative adjective after ist, it has no ending.
Diese Stadt ist eine der traditionsreichsten Städte Europas.
This city is one of the cities in Europe richest in traditions.
eine der Städte means one of the cities, and Europas means of Europe. The superlative has the adjective ending -en in der traditionsreichsten Städte; Europas is a genitive name showing whose cities they are.

die Unabhängigkeit — independence; independence, self-reliance ​

This is an abstract noun for freedom from control or dependence, especially in politics. die Unabhängigkeit is usually singular and has no normal plural; for the opposite, use die Abhängigkeit.
Die Unabhängigkeit des Landes ist ein wichtiges Ziel.
The country's independence is an important goal.
das Land means country, wichtig means important, and das Ziel means goal. Die Unabhängigkeit is nominative because it is the subject, while des Landes is genitive because it shows whose independence is meant; the finite verb ist is in position two.
Viele Menschen verteidigen die Unabhängigkeit ihrer Region.
Many people defend their region's independence.
viele Menschen means many people, verteidigen means defend, and die Region means region. Die Unabhängigkeit is accusative because verteidigen takes a direct object, while ihrer Region is a genitive attribute; the finite verb verteidigen stands in position two.
Die Bevölkerung ist stolz auf die Unabhängigkeit des Landes.
The population is proud of the country's independence.
die Bevölkerung means the population, stolz means proud, and das Land means country. This sentence contains auf die Unabhängigkeit, which is accusative because stolz sein auf takes auf plus accusative; the headword is not dative here, so this example shows a common fixed phrase rather than a dative use.
Der Jahrestag der Unabhängigkeit wird jedes Jahr gefeiert.
The anniversary of independence is celebrated every year.
der Jahrestag means anniversary, jedes Jahr means every year, and gefeiert means celebrated. Der Unabhängigkeit is genitive because it identifies the anniversary; wird gefeiert is a passive verb bracket, with the participle at the end.
Sie möchte finanzielle Unabhängigkeit erreichen.
She wants to achieve financial independence.
finanziell means financial, möchte means wants to, and erreichen means achieve. Finanzielle Unabhängigkeit is the accusative object of erreichen; möchte is in position two, and the infinitive erreichen goes to the end after the modal verb.
Mit der Zeit gewinnt er mehr Unabhängigkeit.
Over time, he gains more independence.
mit der Zeit means over time, gewinnen means gain, and mehr means more. der Zeit is dative because mit always takes the dative, while mehr Unabhängigkeit is the accusative object of gewinnt.

die Unterdrückung — oppression, suppression ​

UnterdrĂĽckung is usually uncountable when it means oppression in general, but the plural UnterdrĂĽckungen is possible for different forms or instances of oppression.
Die Unterdrückung der Bevölkerung dauerte viele Jahre.
The oppression of the population lasted for many years.
die Bevölkerung means “the population”, and viele Jahre means “many years”. Die Unterdrückung is nominative because it is the subject; der Bevölkerung is genitive and means “of the population”.
Viele Menschen bekämpfen die Unterdrückung.
Many people fight oppression.
viele Menschen means “many people”, and bekämpfen means “fight”. Die Unterdrückung is accusative because it is the object of bekämpfen; the finite verb bekämpfen is in position two.
Die Organisation hilft Opfern von UnterdrĂĽckung.
The organisation helps victims of oppression.
die Organisation means “the organisation”, Opfern means “victims”, and von means “of”. Opfern is dative because helfen takes a dative person; von Unterdrückung is a prepositional phrase describing the victims.
Die Folgen der UnterdrĂĽckung sind noch sichtbar.
The consequences of the oppression are still visible.
die Folgen means “the consequences”, noch means “still”, and sichtbar means “visible”. Der Unterdrückung is genitive after Folgen to show whose consequences they are; the plural subject Folgen takes sind.
In vielen Ländern gibt es verschiedene Formen von Unterdrückungen.
In many countries there are different forms of oppression.
in vielen Ländern means “in many countries”, verschiedene Formen means “different forms”, and gibt es means “there are”. Unterdrückungen is plural after von because the sentence refers to different forms or instances; von takes the dative, although the plural form has no visible dative ending here.

untersagen — to prohibit, to forbid ​

Untersagen is formal and is common in laws, rules, and official notices. It takes the prohibited thing as an accusative object and uses haben in the perfect: hat etwas untersagt.
Die Stadt untersagt das Grillen im Park.
The city prohibits barbecuing in the park.
die Stadt is the city, and das Grillen means barbecuing; im Park means in the park. Das Grillen is accusative because untersagen takes the thing being prohibited as an accusative object, while im Park is a dative location after in; the finite verb untersagt stands in position two.
Die Stadt hat das Grillen im Park untersagt.
The city has prohibited barbecuing in the park.
die Stadt is the city, das Grillen is barbecuing, and im Park means in the park. Das Grillen is accusative because it is the object of untersagen; hat is the auxiliary in position two and the Partizip II untersagt goes to the end.
Die Stadt untersagte das Grillen im Park.
The city prohibited barbecuing in the park.
die Stadt is the city, das Grillen is barbecuing, and im Park means in the park. The object das Grillen is accusative, and the weak past form untersagte stands in position two; it is not a separable verb here.
Untersag das Grillen im Park!
Prohibit barbecuing in the park!
das Grillen means barbecuing, and im Park means in the park. The bare imperative untersag addresses one person informally, and das Grillen is accusative because it is the prohibited activity; this command sounds official or legalistic.
Die Hausordnung wĂĽrde das Grillen im Hof untersagen.
The house rules would prohibit barbecuing in the courtyard.
die Hausordnung means the house rules, das Grillen is barbecuing, and der Hof is the courtyard. Das Grillen is accusative as the object of untersagen; wĂĽrde ... untersagen expresses a hypothetical result, with the infinitive at the end.
Das Gesetz wird Feuerwerk in diesem Gebiet untersagen.
The law will prohibit fireworks in this area.
das Gesetz is the law, das Feuerwerk means fireworks, and dieses Gebiet is this area. Das Feuerwerk is accusative because it is what the law prohibits; wird stands in position two and untersagen goes to the end.

der Verbündete — ally ​

VerbĂĽndete is an adjectival noun: it can mean an allied person, country, or group depending on context. It follows weak masculine declension, so der VerbĂĽndete changes to den/dem/des VerbĂĽndeten; the plural is die VerbĂĽndeten.
Der VerbĂĽndete hilft uns im Krieg.
The ally helps us in the war.
hilft means helps, uns means us, and im Krieg means in the war. Der VerbĂĽndete is nominative because it is the subject; as an adjectival noun, it has no -n in the nominative singular.
Wir unterstĂĽtzen den VerbĂĽndeten.
We support the ally.
unterstĂĽtzen means support. Den VerbĂĽndeten is accusative because it is the direct object, and this adjectival masculine noun takes -en in every case except nominative singular.
Wir danken dem VerbĂĽndeten fĂĽr seine Hilfe.
We thank the ally for his help.
danken means thank, and fĂĽr seine Hilfe means for his help. Dem VerbĂĽndeten is dative because danken requires the dative, and the noun keeps the ending -en.
Die Entscheidung des VerbĂĽndeten war ĂĽberraschend.
The ally's decision was surprising.
Die Entscheidung means the decision, and ĂĽberraschend means surprising. Des VerbĂĽndeten is genitive to show possession; both the article des and the ending -en mark this masculine adjectival noun.
Die VerbĂĽndeten treffen sich heute in Berlin.
The allies are meeting in Berlin today.
treffen sich means meet each other, heute means today, and in Berlin means in Berlin. VerbĂĽndeten is nominative plural, and the ending -en remains because adjectival nouns use this form in the plural.

die Verbündete — female ally ​

This feminine noun is formed from the adjective verbĂĽndet, meaning allied. Like other adjectival nouns, die VerbĂĽndete has adjective-like endings and refers specifically to a female ally.
Die VerbĂĽndete unterstĂĽtzt uns im Konflikt.
The female ally supports us in the conflict.
unterstĂĽtzt means supports, uns means us, and der Konflikt means conflict. Die VerbĂĽndete is nominative because it is the subject, and the finite verb unterstĂĽtzt stands in position two.
Wir brauchen die VerbĂĽndete in dieser schwierigen Situation.
We need the female ally in this difficult situation.
brauchen means need, in dieser schwierigen Situation means in this difficult situation. Die VerbĂĽndete is accusative because brauchen takes a direct object, while brauchen is in position two.
Wir danken der VerbĂĽndeten fĂĽr ihre Hilfe.
We thank the female ally for her help.
danken means thank, ihre Hilfe means her help. Der VerbĂĽndeten is dative because danken requires a dative person; fĂĽr takes the accusative in ihre Hilfe.
Die UnterstĂĽtzung der VerbĂĽndeten war entscheidend.
The support of the female ally was decisive.
die UnterstĂĽtzung means the support, and entscheidend means decisive. Der VerbĂĽndeten is genitive because it identifies whose support it was.
Die VerbĂĽndeten treffen sich heute Abend.
The allies are meeting this evening.
treffen sich means meet each other, and heute Abend means this evening. Die VerbĂĽndeten is the plural subject; the ending -en belongs to this feminine adjectival noun in the plural.

verfolgen — to pursue, to follow, to monitor; to follow, to monitor ​

This verb takes an accusative object: jemanden verfolgen means to pursue or follow someone. It can also mean to monitor a development or pursue an aim, as in ein Ziel verfolgen; the perfect auxiliary is haben.
Die Polizei verfolgt den Verdächtigen.
The police are pursuing the suspect.
die Polizei means the police, and der Verdächtige means the suspect. Den Verdächtigen is accusative because verfolgen takes a direct object; the finite verb verfolgt stands in position two.
Die Polizei hat den Verdächtigen verfolgt.
The police have pursued the suspect.
die Polizei means the police, and der Verdächtige means the suspect. Den Verdächtigen is accusative, and the perfect uses hat ... verfolgt with verfolgt at the end; the inseparable prefix ver- means there is no ge-.
Die Polizei verfolgte den Verdächtigen durch die Stadt.
The police pursued the suspect through the city.
durch die Stadt means through the city. Den Verdächtigen is accusative because it is the direct object, and the regular preterite form verfolgte is the finite verb in position two.
Verfolge den Mann nicht allein!
Do not pursue the man alone!
der Mann means the man, and nicht allein means not alone. Den Mann is accusative because it is the object of verfolge; the imperative omits du, and nicht comes before the adverb allein here.
Ich verfolgte den Fall, wenn ich mehr Zeit hätte.
I would pursue the case if I had more time.
der Fall means the case or matter, and wenn ich mehr Zeit hätte means if I had more time. The sentence uses the same-looking form verfolgte for Konjunktiv II and preterite; den Fall is accusative, and hätte goes to the end of the wenn clause.
Die Polizei wird den Verdächtigen weiter verfolgen.
The police will continue to pursue the suspect.
weiter means further or continue to, and der Verdächtige means the suspect. Den Verdächtigen is accusative, while wird ... verfolgen forms the future; the infinitive verfolgen goes to the end.
Ich verfolge die Nachrichten jeden Abend.
I follow the news every evening.
die Nachrichten means the news, and jeden Abend means every evening. Die Nachrichten is accusative because it is the object of verfolge; the finite verb is in position two, while the time phrase comes at the end.
Viele Menschen verfolgen die Debatte im Internet.
Many people follow the debate on the internet.
viele Menschen means many people, die Debatte means the debate, and im Internet means on the internet. Die Debatte is accusative as the object of verfolgen; the finite verb stays in position two, even though the location phrase is at the end.

die Verfügung — official order, legal directive; availability, being at someone's disposal ​

In legal and administrative language, die VerfĂĽgung is an official order or decision. The common phrase eine VerfĂĽgung erlassen means to issue such an order.
Die VerfĂĽgung des Gerichts tritt sofort in Kraft.
The court order comes into force immediately.
das Gericht means the court, and sofort in Kraft treten means to come into force immediately. Die VerfĂĽgung is nominative because it is the subject, while des Gerichts is genitive to identify the issuing court; the verb phrase tritt ... in Kraft is in position two.
Das Amt hat die Verfügung gestern veröffentlicht.
The authority published the order yesterday.
das Amt means the authority or government office, and veröffentlichen means publish. Die Verfügung is accusative because it is the direct object; hat ... veröffentlicht forms the perfect, with the participle at the end.
Der Anwalt widerspricht der VerfĂĽgung.
The lawyer objects to the order.
der Anwalt means the lawyer, and widersprechen means to object to or contradict. Widersprechen takes a dative object, so der VerfĂĽgung is dative; the finite verb widerspricht stands in position two.
Die Rechtmäßigkeit der Verfügung wird geprüft.
The legality of the order is being examined.
die Rechtmäßigkeit means legality, and prüfen means examine or check. Der Verfügung is genitive and identifies which order is being examined; wird geprüft is a passive construction, with the participle at the end.
Die Behörde erlässt mehrere Verfügungen.
The authority issues several orders.
die Behörde means the authority, and erlassen means issue officially. Mehrere Verfügungen is accusative plural because it is the object of erlässt; the plural article is die, and the noun adds -en.
Der Raum steht uns morgen zur VerfĂĽgung.
The room will be available to us tomorrow.
der Raum means the room, uns means to us, and morgen means tomorrow. The fixed phrase zur VerfĂĽgung stehen means to be available; uns is dative for the person benefiting, and steht is in position two.
Die Lehrerin stellt den Schülern zusätzliches Material zur Verfügung.
The teacher makes additional material available to the students.
die Lehrerin means the teacher, zusätzliches Material means additional material, and den Schülern means to the students. Den Schülern is dative for the recipients, while zusätzliches Material is accusative as the thing made available; stellt ... zur Verfügung is a separable-style phrase with the final part at the end.

die Vernehmung — interrogation, formal questioning ​

Die Vernehmung is a formal legal term, not the usual word for an ordinary interview or conversation. It often occurs with police or court proceedings and may involve a witness, suspect, or accused person.
Die Vernehmung dauerte drei Stunden.
The interrogation lasted three hours.
dauerte means lasted and drei Stunden means three hours. Die Vernehmung is nominative because it is the subject, and the finite verb dauerte is in position two.
Die Polizei begann die Vernehmung am Morgen.
The police began the interrogation in the morning.
die Polizei means the police, begann means began, and am Morgen means in the morning. Die Vernehmung is accusative because beginnen takes the activity as its direct object; the finite verb is in position two.
Der Anwalt widersprach der Vernehmung ohne BegrĂĽndung.
The lawyer objected to the interrogation without giving a reason.
der Anwalt means the lawyer, widersprach means objected, and ohne BegrĂĽndung means without explanation. Der Vernehmung is dative because widersprechen governs the dative; ohne takes the accusative in the phrase ohne BegrĂĽndung.
Der Beginn der Vernehmung wurde verschoben.
The start of the interrogation was postponed.
der Beginn means the beginning and verschoben means postponed. Der Vernehmung is genitive because it specifies what beginning is meant; wurde verschoben is passive, with the participle at the end.
Mehrere Vernehmungen fanden an diesem Tag statt.
Several interrogations took place that day.
mehrere means several, fanden statt means took place, and an diesem Tag means on that day. Vernehmungen is plural after mehrere; the separable verb stattfinden splits in the main clause, so fanden is in position two and statt comes at the end.

verpflichten — to oblige; to require; to commit oneself; to undertake ​

The person who is obliged is accusative, and the required action is often introduced by zu plus dative. The reflexive form sich verpflichten means to commit oneself and commonly takes zu plus dative.
Der Vertrag verpflichtet beide Seiten zur Zusammenarbeit.
The contract obliges both sides to cooperate.
der Vertrag is the contract, beide Seiten means both sides, and Zusammenarbeit means cooperation. Beide Seiten is accusative because it is the object of verpflichtet; zur Zusammenarbeit is zu plus dative, and the finite verb stands in position two.
Das Gesetz hat den Arbeitgeber zur Zahlung verpflichtet.
The law obliged the employer to make the payment.
das Gesetz is the law, der Arbeitgeber is the employer, and Zahlung means payment. Den Arbeitgeber is accusative after verpflichten, while zur Zahlung is zu plus dative; hat is in position two and verpflichtet closes the perfect clause.
Die Vereinbarung verpflichtete ihn zu regelmäßigen Berichten.
The agreement obliged him to submit regular reports.
die Vereinbarung is the agreement, ihn means him, and regelmäßige Berichte means regular reports. Ihn is accusative because he is the person bound by the agreement, while zu regelmäßigen Berichten uses dative after zu; verpflichtete stands in position two.
Verpflicht dich nicht zu etwas, das du nicht willst!
Do not commit yourself to something you do not want!
dich means yourself, etwas means something, and nicht willst means do not want. The reflexive pronoun dich is accusative, while zu etwas has dative after zu; the imperative verpflicht begins the sentence and the subject du is omitted.
Ohne den Druck verpflichtete er sich nicht dazu.
Without the pressure, he would not commit himself to it.
ohne den Druck means without the pressure, and dazu means to it or to that. Den Druck is accusative after ohne, sich is the reflexive accusative pronoun, and verpflichtete expresses the hypothetical situation.
Die neue Regel wird alle Unternehmen zu mehr Sicherheit verpflichten.
The new rule will oblige all companies to provide greater security.
die neue Regel is the new rule, alle Unternehmen means all companies, and mehr Sicherheit means greater security. Alle Unternehmen is accusative, while zu mehr Sicherheit is dative after zu; wird stands in position two and verpflichten goes to the end.
Sie verpflichtet sich zu regelmäßigen Treffen.
She commits herself to regular meetings.
sich means herself, and regelmäßige Treffen means regular meetings. Sich is accusative because it is the reflexive object, while zu regelmäßigen Treffen is dative after zu; the finite verb verpflichtet stands in position two.
Die Firma hat sich zu mehr Transparenz verpflichtet.
The company has committed itself to greater transparency.
die Firma is the company, and mehr Transparenz means greater transparency. Sich is the reflexive accusative object and zu mehr Transparenz is dative after zu; hat stands in position two and verpflichtet goes to the end.

verstoßen — to violate, to break; to cast out, to reject ​

In the usual rule-related sense, verstoĂźen is used with gegen plus the accusative: gegen ein Gesetz verstoĂźen. Do not use a direct accusative object without gegen in this sense.
Er verstößt gegen die Verkehrsregeln.
He is breaking the traffic rules.
die Verkehrsregeln are the traffic rules, and brechen in this context means to violate. Gegen takes the accusative, so die Verkehrsregeln has the same form in nominative and accusative; the finite verb verstößt is in position two.
Die Firma hat gegen den Vertrag verstoĂźen.
The company violated the contract.
die Firma is the company and der Vertrag is the contract. The perfect uses hat because verstoĂźen takes haben; gegen den Vertrag is accusative, and the participle verstoĂźen goes to the end.
Der Verein verstieĂź gegen die Vorschriften.
The association violated the regulations.
der Verein is the association or club, and die Vorschriften are the regulations. VerstieĂź is the strong-verb past form; gegen forces the accusative, while the finite verb remains in position two.
VerstoĂź nicht gegen die Vereinbarung.
Do not violate the agreement.
die Vereinbarung means the agreement, and nicht makes the command negative. The imperative verstoĂź addresses one person informally; gegen die Vereinbarung is accusative because gegen always takes the accusative here.
Er wĂĽrde gegen das Gesetz verstoĂźen.
He would violate the law.
das Gesetz is the law, and wĂĽrde expresses a hypothetical situation. The infinitive verstoĂźen stands at the end after wĂĽrde; gegen das Gesetz is accusative because of gegen.
Die Organisation wird gegen die Auflagen verstoĂźen.
The organisation will violate the conditions.
die Organisation is the organisation, and die Auflagen are official conditions or requirements. Future wird ... verstoĂźen uses werden plus the infinitive at the end; gegen die Auflagen is accusative.
Die Gruppe verstieĂź ihn wegen seines Verhaltens.
The group cast him out because of his behaviour.
die Gruppe is the group, wegen means because of, and das Verhalten is behaviour. Ihn is accusative because this sense of verstoĂźen takes a direct object; the finite verb verstieĂź is in position two.
Niemand möchte aus der Gemeinschaft verstoßen werden.
Nobody wants to be cast out of the community.
niemand means nobody, möchte means would like to, and die Gemeinschaft is the community. The passive uses werden with verstoßen at the end; aus takes the dative when it describes movement out of a place or group.

der Wahlkampf — election campaign ​

der Wahlkampf is the organised political competition before an election, including speeches, advertising, debates, and public events. It is a compound of die Wahl, election, and der Kampf, fight or campaign.
Der Wahlkampf beginnt im Herbst.
The election campaign begins in autumn.
beginnt means begins and im Herbst means in autumn. Der Wahlkampf is nominative because it is the subject, and the finite verb beginnt stands in position two.
Die Partei fĂĽhrt den Wahlkampf im Internet.
The party conducts the election campaign on the internet.
die Partei means the party, fĂĽhrt means conducts, and im Internet means on the internet. Den Wahlkampf is accusative because fĂĽhren takes a direct object.
Viele Helfer arbeiten in dem Wahlkampf.
Many helpers work in the election campaign.
viele Helfer means many helpers and arbeiten means work. In dem Wahlkampf is dative because it describes a setting or period, not movement into it; in dem is usually shortened to im.
Die Kosten des Wahlkampfs sind hoch.
The costs of the election campaign are high.
die Kosten are the costs and hoch means high. Des Wahlkampfs is genitive because it shows which campaign the costs belong to; the compound takes -s.
Die Wahlkämpfe werden immer härter.
Election campaigns are becoming increasingly tougher.
immer härter means increasingly tougher. Wahlkämpfe is plural, shown by the umlaut and -e, and the verb werden agrees with the plural subject.

der Werkvertrag — contract for work; contract for a specified result ​

A Werkvertrag focuses on an agreed result, such as a finished product or repair, not simply on the time someone works. It is a legal term and is different from Arbeitsvertrag, an employment contract.
Der Werkvertrag regelt die Zahlung.
The contract for work regulates the payment.
regeln means to regulate or specify, and die Zahlung is the payment. Der Werkvertrag is nominative because it is the subject; the finite verb regelt is in position two.
Wir unterschreiben den Werkvertrag heute.
We are signing the contract for work today.
unterschreiben means to sign, and heute means today. Den Werkvertrag is accusative because unterschreiben takes a direct object; the finite verb unterschreiben stands in position two.
Der Anwalt erklärt uns den Werkvertrag.
The lawyer explains the contract for work to us.
der Anwalt is the lawyer, and erklären means to explain. Uns is dative as the people receiving the explanation, while den Werkvertrag is accusative as its object; erklärt is in position two.
Die Bedingungen des Werkvertrags sind klar.
The conditions of the contract for work are clear.
die Bedingungen means the conditions, and klar means clear. Des Werkvertrags is genitive because it identifies the contract whose conditions are meant; the plural subject Bedingungen makes sind plural.
Die Werkverträge enthalten ähnliche Klauseln.
The contracts for work contain similar clauses.
enthalten means contain, ähnlich means similar, and die Klauseln are the clauses. Werkverträge is plural nominative because it is the subject; enthalten stands in position two.

widerrufen — to revoke, to withdraw, to retract ​

Widerrufen is a strong verb: widerrufen - widerrief - hat widerrufen. It is often used for officially taking back a decision, order or statement and takes an accusative object.
Die Firma widerruft die KĂĽndigung.
The company revokes the termination.
die Firma means the company, and die KĂĽndigung is the termination notice. Die KĂĽndigung is accusative because widerrufen takes a direct object, and the finite verb widerruft stands in position two.
Die Firma hat die KĂĽndigung widerrufen.
The company has revoked the termination.
die KĂĽndigung means the termination notice. The perfect uses hat plus widerrufen, with the Partizip II at the end; die KĂĽndigung is accusative as the object of widerrufen.
Die Firma widerrief die KĂĽndigung gestern.
The company revoked the termination yesterday.
gestern means yesterday, and die Kündigung is the termination notice. Widerrief is the strong Präteritum form in position two, while die Kündigung is accusative after widerrufen.
Widerruf deine falsche Aussage.
Retract your false statement.
deine falsche Aussage means your false statement. The imperative widerruf comes first, and the statement is accusative because it is the direct object; falsche means false.
Ich wĂĽrde den Vertrag sofort widerrufen.
I would revoke the contract immediately.
der Vertrag means the contract, and sofort means immediately. WĂĽrde ... widerrufen expresses a hypothetical action, with the infinitive at the end and den Vertrag in the accusative.
Die Kundin wird ihre Bestellung widerrufen.
The customer will revoke her order.
die Kundin means the female customer, and ihre Bestellung means her order. Future tense uses wird in position two and widerrufen at the end; ihre Bestellung is accusative.

der Widerstand — resistance, opposition; resistance (in physics or engineering) ​

Der Widerstand is used for opposition to a plan or authority and also for physical or technical resistance. The fixed phrase Widerstand leisten takes a dative object: dem Widerstand.
Der Widerstand gegen den Plan wächst.
Resistance to the plan is growing.
gegen den Plan means against the plan, and wächst means is growing. Der Widerstand is nominative as the subject; gegen always takes the accusative, so den Plan is accusative.
Die Regierung spĂĽrt den Widerstand.
The government feels the resistance.
die Regierung means the government, and spĂĽrt means feels. Den Widerstand is accusative because spĂĽren takes a direct object, while spĂĽrt is in position two.
Die Aktivisten leisten dem Widerstand gemeinsam.
The activists offer resistance together.
die Aktivisten means the activists, and gemeinsam means together. In the fixed expression Widerstand leisten, dem Widerstand is dative because leisten takes a dative object here.
Die Stärke des Widerstands überrascht alle.
The strength of the resistance surprises everyone.
die Stärke means the strength, and überrascht alle means surprises everyone. Des Widerstands is genitive after die Stärke to show what kind of strength; alle is accusative after überraschen.
Die Widerstände waren stärker als erwartet.
The forms of resistance were stronger than expected.
waren means were, and stärker als erwartet means stronger than expected. Widerstände is plural and nominative as the subject; als introduces the comparison.
Der elektrische Widerstand ist zu hoch.
The electrical resistance is too high.
elektrisch means electrical, and zu hoch means too high. Der elektrische Widerstand is nominative as the subject, and the adjective takes -e after the masculine nominative article der.
Ein kleiner Widerstand schützt das Gerät.
A small resistor protects the device.
klein means small, schützt means protects, and das Gerät means the device. Ein kleiner Widerstand is nominative as the subject, while das Gerät is accusative after schützen.

wiedervereinigen — to reunite; to bring together again ​

This is a formal verb for bringing people, groups, or parts together again; it can also be reflexive in sich wiedervereinigen, to reunite. It is separable in main clauses, but the complete infinitive and Partizip II stay together at the end.
Die Organisation vereinigt die beiden Gruppen wieder.
The organisation is bringing the two groups together again.
Organisation means organisation and beide Gruppen means both groups. Die beiden Gruppen is accusative because the verb takes what is being reunited as its object; finite vereinigt is in position two and wieder goes to the end.
Nach dem Streit haben sich die Freunde wiedervereinigt.
After the argument, the friends reunited.
Streit means argument or dispute, and Freunde means friends. The reflexive sich shows that the friends reunited themselves, while haben and wiedervereinigt form the perfect and the Partizip II stands at the end.
Der Präsident vereinigte die Parteien nach der Wahl wieder.
The president reunited the parties after the election.
Präsident means president, Parteien means parties, and Wahl means election. Die Parteien is accusative as the direct object; weak past vereinigte stands in position two and wieder is separated to the end.
Vereinige die beiden Teile wieder!
Put the two parts together again!
beiden Teile means two parts. The singular imperative omits du; vereinige comes first, the accusative object follows, and the prefix wieder goes at the end.
Ich wĂĽrde die Familie gern wiedervereinigen.
I would like to reunite the family.
Familie means family and gern means gladly or would like to. WĂĽrde expresses a hypothetical wish, and the complete infinitive wiedervereinigen goes to the end rather than separating.
Die Gespräche werden die zerstrittenen Parteien wiedervereinigen.
The talks will reunite the divided parties.
Gespräche means talks, and zerstritten means divided by conflict. Die zerstrittenen Parteien is accusative as the object; werden is in position two and the complete infinitive wiedervereinigen goes to the end.

die Wiedervereinigung — reunification ​

This word is most strongly associated with the deutsche Wiedervereinigung, the reunification of East and West Germany in 1990. The feminine noun is formed from wieder (again) and Vereinigung (union).
Die Wiedervereinigung war ein historischer Moment.
Reunification was a historic moment.
historisch means historic and der Moment means moment. The noun phrase is nominative because it is the subject, and the finite verb war stands in position two.
Viele Menschen feierten die Wiedervereinigung.
Many people celebrated reunification.
viele Menschen means many people and feierten means celebrated. die Wiedervereinigung is accusative because feiern takes a direct object, while the finite verb feierten is in position two.
Nach der Wiedervereinigung änderte sich vieles.
After reunification, many things changed.
nach means after and änderte sich vieles means many things changed. nach always takes the dative, so the feminine article is der; the finite verb änderte stands in position two.
Die Folgen der Wiedervereinigung waren lange spĂĽrbar.
The consequences of reunification were noticeable for a long time.
die Folgen means the consequences and lange spĂĽrbar means noticeable for a long time. der Wiedervereinigung is genitive because it specifies whose consequences they were, and waren is the finite verb in position two.
In Europa gab es mehrere Wiedervereinigungen.
There were several reunifications in Europe.
Europa means Europe, mehrere means several, and es gab means there were. Wiedervereinigungen is plural after mehrere; in the fixed expression es gab, the thing that existed is accusative, although the plural form itself has no visible case ending.

der Zivilstand — marital status, civil status ​

Der Zivilstand is an official or administrative term for marital status and is particularly common in Switzerland and Austria. In Germany, Familienstand is more usual.
Der Zivilstand steht auf dem Formular.
The marital status is stated on the form.
steht means is written or appears, and das Formular means the form. Der Zivilstand is nominative because it is the subject; the finite verb steht is in position two.
Bitte geben Sie den Zivilstand an.
Please state your marital status.
bitte means please and angeben means to state or provide. Den Zivilstand is accusative because angeben takes a direct object; in the formal command, geben comes first and the separable prefix an goes to the end.
Die Behörde hilft dem Bürger beim Zivilstand.
The authority helps the citizen with the marital-status matter.
die Behörde means the authority, hilft means helps, and der Bürger means the citizen. Dem Bürger is dative because helfen always takes dative, while beim means bei dem and also takes dative.
Die Ă„nderung des Zivilstands muss gemeldet werden.
The change in marital status must be reported.
die Ă„nderung means the change, gemeldet werden means be reported, and muss means must. Des Zivilstands is genitive because it specifies which change; the modal and passive verbs form a bracket with muss near the start and gemeldet werden at the end.
Die verschiedenen Zivilstände werden statistisch erfasst.
The various marital statuses are recorded statistically.
verschiedenen means various, statistisch means statistically, and erfasst werden means are recorded. Zivilstände is plural, and werden ... erfasst is a passive construction with the participle at the end.

die Übereinkunft — agreement, accord ​

Ăśbereinkunft is more formal than everyday Vereinbarung and is common in legal or political contexts. The verb zustimmen means to agree to something and requires a dative object, not an accusative one.
Die Ăśbereinkunft beendet den Streit.
The agreement ends the dispute.
beendet means ends, and der Streit is the dispute or argument. Die Ăśbereinkunft is nominative because it is the subject, and the finite verb beendet is in position two.
Beide Seiten akzeptieren die Ăśbereinkunft.
Both sides accept the agreement.
beide Seiten means both sides, and akzeptieren means accept. Die Ăśbereinkunft is accusative because akzeptieren takes a direct object; the finite verb akzeptieren stands in position two.
Nach langen Verhandlungen stimmten beide Parteien der Ăśbereinkunft zu.
After long negotiations, both parties agreed to the agreement.
nach langen Verhandlungen means after lengthy negotiations, beide Parteien means both parties, and stimmten ... zu means agreed. Der Ăśbereinkunft is dative because zustimmen requires dative; zu separates and goes to the end of the main clause.
Die Umsetzung der Ăśbereinkunft dauert mehrere Monate.
Implementing the agreement takes several months.
die Umsetzung is the implementation, and mehrere Monate means several months. Der Ăśbereinkunft is genitive and identifies which agreement is being implemented; the finite verb dauert is in position two.
Internationale ĂśbereinkĂĽnfte regeln den Handel.
International agreements regulate trade.
internationale means international, regeln means regulate, and der Handel is trade. ĂśbereinkĂĽnfte is plural nominative because it is the subject; the plural adds -e and changes u to ĂĽ.

überordnen — to place above, to rank higher than ​

ĂĽberordnen is a formal verb used for ranking or ordering one thing above another. It commonly follows the pattern etwas jemandem ĂĽberordnen, with the lower-ranking thing in the dative; its perfect is formed with haben.
Die Verfassung ĂĽberordnet allen anderen Gesetzen.
The constitution takes priority over all other laws.
die Verfassung means the constitution, and allen anderen Gesetzen means all other laws. The verb ĂĽberordnet is in position two; allen anderen Gesetzen is dative because this usage places one thing above another.
Das Gesetz hat die Verfassung allen anderen Regeln ĂĽbergeordnet.
The law placed the constitution above all other rules.
das Gesetz means the law, die Verfassung means the constitution, and Regeln means rules. The perfect uses hat plus ĂĽbergeordnet at the end; allen anderen Regeln is dative in the pattern etwas jemandem ĂĽberordnen.
Der Richter ĂĽberordnete das Bundesrecht dem Landesrecht.
The judge ranked federal law above state law.
der Richter is the judge, das Bundesrecht is federal law, and das Landesrecht is state law. The finite verb ĂĽberordnete stands in position two, while dem Landesrecht is dative as the thing beneath the higher-ranking law.
Ăśberordne die Sicherheit dem Komfort.
Put safety above comfort.
die Sicherheit means safety and der Komfort means comfort. The imperative omits du and puts ĂĽberordne first; dem Komfort is dative in this ranking pattern.
Ich wĂĽrde die Menschenrechte dem nationalen Recht ĂĽberordnen.
I would place human rights above national law.
die Menschenrechte means human rights and das nationale Recht means national law. wĂĽrde ... ĂĽberordnen expresses a hypothetical choice, and dem nationalen Recht is dative.
Das Gericht wird das Grundgesetz allen Vorschriften ĂĽberordnen.
The court will rank the constitution above all regulations.
das Gericht means the court, das Grundgesetz means the constitution, and Vorschriften means regulations. In the future, wird is in position two and the infinitive ĂĽberordnen goes to the end; allen Vorschriften is dative.