Appearance
Netzwerk 11: Department Store
Chapter 11 — department store items, business hours, and trendy Berlin.
Maskulin Feminin Neutrum Plural
das Produkt, -e — product
"Das Produkt" comes from Latin, so it is easy to remember. The plural is "die Produkte." You will see it everywhere in a Kaufhaus (department store) and in advertising.
Nom Das Produkt ist sehr gut.
The product is very good.
das Produkt (neutrum) = product · sehr = very · gut = good. "Das" — neutrum Nominativ. Das Produkt is the subject.
Akk Ich kaufe das Produkt online.
I buy the product online.
ich = I · kaufen = to buy · das Produkt (neutrum) = product · online = online. "Das" stays "das" in neutrum Akkusativ (das → das). Das Produkt is the direct object of kaufen.
Dat Ich bin mit dem Produkt zufrieden.
I am satisfied with the product.
zufrieden = satisfied · mit = with (Dativ preposition) · das Produkt (neutrum) = product. "Dem" because neutrum Dativ (das → dem) after "mit" (always Dativ).
das Papier, -e — paper
"Das Papier" (singular) usually means the material paper. The plural "die Papiere" often means documents or ID papers — "Ihre Papiere, bitte!" means "Your documents, please!"
Nom Das Papier liegt auf dem Tisch.
The paper is lying on the table.
das Papier (neutrum) = paper · liegen = to lie · auf dem Tisch = on the table. "Das" — neutrum Nominativ. Das Papier is the subject.
Akk Ich brauche das Papier für den Drucker.
I need the paper for the printer.
brauchen = to need · das Papier (neutrum) = paper · für = for · der Drucker = printer. "Das" stays "das" in neutrum Akkusativ (das → das). Das Papier is the direct object.
Dat Sie schreibt auf dem Papier.
She writes on the paper.
schreiben = to write · auf = on · das Papier (neutrum) = paper. "Dem" because neutrum Dativ (das → dem) after "auf" (location, no movement — where she writes).
der Kugelschreiber, - — ballpoint pen
Germans say "Kuli" for short in everyday speech. You will need one to fill out forms at the Rathaus or bank — digital is not always an option in Germany.
Nom Der Kugelschreiber schreibt gut.
The ballpoint pen writes well.
der Kugelschreiber (maskulin) = ballpoint pen · schreiben = to write · gut = well/good. "Der" — maskulin Nominativ. Kugelschreiber is the subject doing the writing.
Akk Ich brauche den Kugelschreiber.
I need the ballpoint pen.
ich = I · brauchen = to need · der Kugelschreiber (maskulin) = ballpoint pen. "Den" because maskulin Akkusativ (der → den). Kugelschreiber is the direct object of brauchen.
Dat Er schreibt mit dem Kugelschreiber.
He writes with the ballpoint pen.
er = he · schreiben = to write · mit = with · der Kugelschreiber (maskulin) = ballpoint pen. "Dem" because maskulin Dativ (der → dem) after "mit" (always Dativ).
der Bleistift, -e — pencil
Memory aid: "Blei" = lead + "Stift" = pen/stick, so a Bleistift is literally a "lead-stick." Handy for sketching at a Berlin flea market or filling in a Sudoku.
Nom Der Bleistift ist zu kurz.
The pencil is too short.
der Bleistift (maskulin) = pencil · zu = too · kurz = short. "Der" — maskulin Nominativ. Der Bleistift is the subject.
Akk Das Kind spitzt den Bleistift.
The child sharpens the pencil.
das Kind = child · spitzen = to sharpen · der Bleistift (maskulin) = pencil. "Den" because maskulin Akkusativ (der → den). Der Bleistift is the direct object.
Dat Ich zeichne mit dem Bleistift.
I draw with the pencil.
zeichnen = to draw · mit = with · der Bleistift (maskulin) = pencil. "Dem" because maskulin Dativ (der → dem) after "mit" (always Dativ).
die Zeitschrift, -en — magazine
Break it down: "Zeit" = time + "Schrift" = writing → a magazine is "time-writing." Note: "die Zeitung" (with -ung) is a newspaper, "die Zeitschrift" is a magazine.
Nom Die Zeitschrift ist neu.
The magazine is new.
die Zeitschrift (feminin) = magazine · neu = new. "Die" — feminin Nominativ. Die Zeitschrift is the subject.
Akk Ich lese die Zeitschrift im Zug.
I read the magazine on the train.
lesen = to read · die Zeitschrift (feminin) = magazine · im Zug = on the train. "Die" stays "die" in feminin Akkusativ (die → die). Die Zeitschrift is the direct object.
Dat Das Foto ist in der Zeitschrift.
The photo is in the magazine.
das Foto = photo · in = in · die Zeitschrift (feminin) = magazine. "Der" because feminin Dativ (die → der) after "in" (location, no movement).
die Kosmetik (Sg.) — cosmetics
"Die Kosmetik" is used mostly in the singular for cosmetics as a category. In a Kaufhaus, look for the sign "Kosmetik" for make-up, creams, and beauty products.
Nom Die Kosmetik ist im ersten Stock.
The cosmetics are on the first floor.
die Kosmetik (feminin) = cosmetics · im ersten Stock = on the first floor. "Die" — feminin Nominativ. Die Kosmetik is the subject.
Akk Sie kauft die Kosmetik im Kaufhaus.
She buys the cosmetics at the department store.
kaufen = to buy · die Kosmetik (feminin) = cosmetics · das Kaufhaus = department store. "Die" stays "die" in feminin Akkusativ (die → die). Die Kosmetik is the direct object.
Dat Sie arbeitet in der Kosmetik.
She works in the cosmetics department.
arbeiten = to work · in = in · die Kosmetik (feminin) = cosmetics (department). "Der" because feminin Dativ (die → der) after "in" (location).
das Parfüm, -s — perfume
A French loanword, so the plural takes -s: "die Parfüms." Pronounced roughly "par-FÜM." A popular gift and duty-free buy across Germany.
Nom Das Parfüm riecht gut.
The perfume smells good.
das Parfüm (neutrum) = perfume · riechen = to smell · gut = good. "Das" — neutrum Nominativ. Das Parfüm is the subject.
Akk Ich schenke meiner Mutter das Parfüm.
I give my mother the perfume (as a gift).
schenken = to give as a gift · meiner Mutter = to my mother (Dativ, indirect object) · das Parfüm (neutrum) = perfume. "Das" stays "das" in neutrum Akkusativ (das → das). Das Parfüm is the direct object (the thing given).
Dat Sie fragt nach dem Parfüm.
She asks about the perfume.
fragen nach = to ask about/after · nach = after (Dativ preposition) · das Parfüm (neutrum) = perfume. "Dem" because neutrum Dativ (das → dem) after "nach" (always Dativ).
das Spielzeug, -e — toy
Build it from "spielen" = to play + "Zeug" = stuff/gear → "play-stuff." Often used as a collective (uncountable) for toys in general, but a specific toy is "ein Spielzeug."
Nom Das Spielzeug ist kaputt.
The toy is broken.
das Spielzeug (neutrum) = toy · kaputt = broken. "Das" — neutrum Nominativ. Das Spielzeug is the subject.
Akk Die Kinder mögen das Spielzeug.
The children like the toy.
die Kinder = the children · mögen = to like · das Spielzeug (neutrum) = toy. "Das" stays "das" in neutrum Akkusativ (das → das). Das Spielzeug is the direct object.
Dat Der Junge spielt mit dem Spielzeug.
The boy plays with the toy.
der Junge = boy · spielen = to play · mit = with · das Spielzeug (neutrum) = toy. "Dem" because neutrum Dativ (das → dem) after "mit" (always Dativ).
der Schmuck (Sg.) — jewelry
"Der Schmuck" is used only in the singular, even for many pieces. Related verb: "schmücken" = to decorate. At the flea markets in Berlin you can find lots of vintage Schmuck.
Nom Der Schmuck ist sehr teuer.
The jewelry is very expensive.
der Schmuck (maskulin) = jewelry · sehr = very · teuer = expensive. "Der" — maskulin Nominativ. Der Schmuck is the subject.
Akk Sie trägt den Schmuck gern.
She likes wearing the jewelry.
tragen = to wear · der Schmuck (maskulin) = jewelry · gern = gladly/like to. "Den" because maskulin Akkusativ (der → den). Der Schmuck is the direct object.
Dat Sie sucht nach dem Schmuck.
She is looking for the jewelry.
suchen nach = to look for · nach = after (Dativ preposition) · der Schmuck (maskulin) = jewelry. "Dem" because maskulin Dativ (der → dem) after "nach" (always Dativ).
das Geschirr (Sg.) — dishes / tableware
"Das Geschirr" is a collective noun (singular only) for all your plates, cups, and bowls together. "Geschirr spülen" = to wash the dishes — a phrase you will hear at home.
Nom Das Geschirr ist schmutzig.
The dishes are dirty.
das Geschirr (neutrum) = dishes/tableware · schmutzig = dirty. "Das" — neutrum Nominativ. Das Geschirr is the subject.
Akk Ich spüle das Geschirr nach dem Essen.
I wash the dishes after the meal.
spülen = to wash/rinse · das Geschirr (neutrum) = dishes · nach dem Essen = after the meal. "Das" stays "das" in neutrum Akkusativ (das → das). Das Geschirr is the direct object.
Dat Auf dem Geschirr ist ein schönes Muster.
There is a beautiful pattern on the dishes.
auf = on · das Geschirr (neutrum) = dishes · das Muster = pattern · schön = beautiful. "Dem" because neutrum Dativ (das → dem) after "auf" (location, no movement).
die Bettwäsche (Sg.) — bed linen
From "Bett" = bed + "Wäsche" = laundry/washing → bed linen. Used only in the singular. In German homes, changing the Bettwäsche is a regular weekend chore.
Nom Die Bettwäsche ist frisch gewaschen.
The bed linen is freshly washed.
die Bettwäsche (feminin) = bed linen · frisch = fresh · gewaschen = washed. "Die" — feminin Nominativ. Die Bettwäsche is the subject.
Akk Wir wechseln die Bettwäsche jede Woche.
We change the bed linen every week.
wir = we · wechseln = to change · die Bettwäsche (feminin) = bed linen · jede Woche = every week. "Die" stays "die" in feminin Akkusativ (die → die). Die Bettwäsche is the direct object.
Dat Auf der Bettwäsche sind blaue Blumen.
There are blue flowers on the bed linen.
auf = on · die Bettwäsche (feminin) = bed linen · blaue Blumen = blue flowers. "Der" because feminin Dativ (die → der) after "auf" (location, no movement).
das Handtuch, Handtücher — towel
From "Hand" = hand + "Tuch" = cloth → hand-cloth = towel. The plural gets an umlaut: "die Handtücher." A Handtuch section is standard in the Haushalt (household) floor of any Kaufhaus.
Nom Das Handtuch ist nass.
The towel is wet.
das Handtuch (neutrum) = towel · nass = wet. "Das" — neutrum Nominativ. Das Handtuch is the subject.
Akk Ich nehme das Handtuch mit ins Schwimmbad.
I take the towel with me to the swimming pool.
mit|nehmen = to take along (separable verb) · das Handtuch (neutrum) = towel · ins Schwimmbad = to the pool. "Das" stays "das" in neutrum Akkusativ (das → das). Das Handtuch is the direct object. The prefix "mit" goes to the end.
Dat Er trocknet sich mit dem Handtuch ab.
He dries himself with the towel.
sich ab|trocknen = to dry oneself (separable, reflexive) · mit = with · das Handtuch (neutrum) = towel. "Dem" because neutrum Dativ (das → dem) after "mit" (always Dativ).
die Öffnungszeiten (Pl.) — business / opening hours
Always plural: "die Öffnungszeiten." Built from "öffnen" = to open + "Zeiten" = times. In Germany, shops usually close Sundays, so always check the Öffnungszeiten before you go.
Nom Die Öffnungszeiten hängen an der Tür.
The opening hours are posted on the door.
die Öffnungszeiten (Plural) = opening hours · hängen = to hang · an der Tür = on the door. "Die" — Plural Nominativ. Die Öffnungszeiten is the subject (plural verb "hängen").
Akk Ich lese die Öffnungszeiten im Internet.
I read the opening hours on the internet.
lesen = to read · die Öffnungszeiten (Plural) = opening hours · im Internet = on the internet. "Die" stays "die" in Plural Akkusativ (die → die). Die Öffnungszeiten is the direct object.
Dat Wir fragen nach den Öffnungszeiten.
We ask about the opening hours.
fragen nach = to ask about · nach = after (Dativ preposition) · die Öffnungszeiten (Plural) = opening hours. "Den" because Plural Dativ (die → den); the noun already ends in -n, so no extra -n is added. After "nach" (always Dativ).
öffnen — to open
Regular verb: ich öffne, du öffnest, er öffnet. This is the more formal/written word; in speech people often say "aufmachen." You will see "geöffnet" (open) on shop signs.
Nom Der Supermarkt öffnet um acht Uhr.
The supermarket opens at eight o'clock.
der Supermarkt (maskulin) = supermarket · öffnen = to open · um acht Uhr = at eight o'clock. Conjugation: er/es/sie form is "öffnet." Here "der Supermarkt" is the subject in Nominativ (der — maskulin Nom); the verb is used without a direct object (intransitive: the shop opens).
Akk Ich öffne die Tür langsam.
I open the door slowly.
öffnen = to open · die Tür (feminin) = door · langsam = slowly. Conjugation: "ich öffne." "Die Tür" is the direct object in Akkusativ (feminin die → die). Here öffnen is transitive (someone opens something).
Dat Der Chef öffnet dem Kunden die Tür.
The boss opens the door for the customer.
der Chef = boss · öffnen = to open · der Kunde (maskulin) = customer · die Tür = door. "Dem Kunden" is the Dativ object (the person for whom the door is opened): maskulin der → dem, and "Kunde" is an n-noun, so it adds -n → "dem Kunden." "Die Tür" is the Akkusativ direct object.
schließen — to close
Simple to use: ich schließe, du schließt, er schließt. The everyday spoken version is "zumachen." "Geschlossen" (closed) is the sign you dread seeing on a Sunday.
Nom Das Geschäft schließt um zwanzig Uhr.
The shop closes at eight p.m.
das Geschäft (neutrum) = shop · schließen = to close · um zwanzig Uhr = at 8 p.m. Conjugation: er/es/sie "schließt." "Das Geschäft" is the subject in Nominativ (neutrum das). Used intransitively — the shop closes.
Akk Bitte schließen Sie das Fenster!
Please close the window!
schließen = to close · das Fenster (neutrum) = window · bitte = please. Polite imperative "schließen Sie." "Das Fenster" is the direct object in Akkusativ (neutrum das → das, unchanged).
Dat Nach der Arbeit schließe ich das Büro.
After work I close the office.
nach = after (Dativ preposition) · die Arbeit (feminin) = work · schließen = to close · das Büro = office. "Der Arbeit" is Dativ after "nach" (feminin die → der). "Das Büro" is the Akkusativ direct object of schließen.
auf·haben — to be open (shop)
Separable verb (auf + haben): "Der Laden hat auf." A casual, spoken way to say a shop is open. The prefix "auf" jumps to the end of the sentence.
Nom Der Kiosk hat bis Mitternacht auf.
The kiosk is open until midnight.
der Kiosk (maskulin) = kiosk · auf|haben = to be open · bis Mitternacht = until midnight. Conjugation: "hat ... auf" (separable, prefix at the end). "Der Kiosk" is the subject in Nominativ (maskulin der).
Akk Die Bäckerei hat den ganzen Tag auf.
The bakery is open all day.
die Bäckerei (feminin) = bakery · auf|haben = to be open. "Den ganzen Tag" is a time span in the Akkusativ (der → den, ganz → ganzen) — German marks a duration with the Akkusativ and no preposition. (Subject of the sentence: die Bäckerei.)
Dat An dem Feiertag hat kein Geschäft auf.
On the holiday no shop is open.
an = on · der Feiertag (maskulin) = public holiday · kein Geschäft = no shop · auf|haben = to be open. "Dem Feiertag" is Dativ after "an" for a day/time (maskulin der → dem). "Kein Geschäft" is the subject.
zu·haben — to be closed (shop)
The opposite of "aufhaben." Separable verb (zu + haben): "Der Laden hat zu." Very common in speech — "Sonntags haben die Läden zu" (On Sundays the shops are closed).
Nom Die Apotheke hat heute zu.
The pharmacy is closed today.
die Apotheke (feminin) = pharmacy · zu|haben = to be closed · heute = today. Conjugation: "hat ... zu" (separable, prefix at the end). "Die Apotheke" is the subject in Nominativ (feminin die).
Akk Der Laden hat den ganzen Sonntag zu.
The shop is closed all Sunday.
der Laden (maskulin) = shop · zu|haben = to be closed. "Den ganzen Sonntag" is a time span in the Akkusativ (der → den, ganz → ganzen) — German marks a duration with the Akkusativ and no preposition. (Subject of the sentence: der Laden.)
Dat Nach der Pause hat die Bank wieder zu.
After the break the bank is closed again.
nach = after (Dativ preposition) · die Pause (feminin) = break · zu|haben = to be closed · wieder = again. "Der Pause" is Dativ after "nach" (feminin die → der). "Die Bank" is the subject.
die Hauptstadt, Hauptstädte — capital city
From "Haupt" = main/head + "Stadt" = city → main city = capital. Plural adds an umlaut: "die Hauptstädte." Berlin ist die Hauptstadt von Deutschland.
Nom Die Hauptstadt von Deutschland ist Berlin.
The capital of Germany is Berlin.
die Hauptstadt (feminin) = capital city · von Deutschland = of Germany. "Die" — feminin Nominativ. Die Hauptstadt is the subject.
Akk Wir besuchen die Hauptstadt im Sommer.
We visit the capital in the summer.
besuchen = to visit · die Hauptstadt (feminin) = capital · im Sommer = in the summer. "Die" stays "die" in feminin Akkusativ (die → die). Die Hauptstadt is the direct object.
Dat In der Hauptstadt gibt es viele Museen.
In the capital there are many museums.
in = in · die Hauptstadt (feminin) = capital · es gibt = there is/are · viele Museen = many museums. "Der" because feminin Dativ (die → der) after "in" (location, no movement).
das Design, -s — design
An English loanword, pronounced "di-SEIN." Plural takes -s: "die Designs." Berlin is famous for its Design scene — from furniture to fashion labels.
Nom Das Design ist modern und schön.
The design is modern and beautiful.
das Design (neutrum) = design · modern = modern · schön = beautiful. "Das" — neutrum Nominativ. Das Design is the subject.
Akk Ich mag das Design von diesem Stuhl.
I like the design of this chair.
mögen = to like · das Design (neutrum) = design · von diesem Stuhl = of this chair. "Das" stays "das" in neutrum Akkusativ (das → das). Das Design is the direct object of mögen.
Dat Sie studiert an der Hochschule für Design.
She studies at the college for design.
studieren = to study · an = at · die Hochschule (feminin) = college · das Design = design. "Der Hochschule" is Dativ after "an" (location): feminin die → der. Here Design appears without an article in the fixed phrase "für Design."
kreativ — creative
Adjective, near-identical to English "creative." Predicative form has no ending ("Sie ist kreativ"), but attributive forms take endings. A key word for describing Berlin's art and design scene.
Nom Die Künstlerin ist sehr kreativ.
The artist (female) is very creative.
die Künstlerin (feminin) = female artist · sein = to be · kreativ = creative. Predicative use: after "ist" the adjective takes NO ending → "kreativ." "Die Künstlerin" is the subject in Nominativ (feminin die).
Akk Berlin hat eine kreative Szene.
Berlin has a creative scene.
haben = to have · die Szene (feminin) = scene · kreativ = creative. Attributive in Akkusativ: after "eine" (feminin) the adjective ends in -e → "kreative." The article "eine" is unchanged in feminin Akkusativ. Ending change vs. predicative: kreativ (∅) → kreative.
Dat Ich arbeite mit einem kreativen Team.
I work with a creative team.
arbeiten = to work · mit = with (Dativ) · das Team (neutrum) = team · kreativ = creative. Attributive in Dativ: after "mit" → Dativ; neutrum "ein" → "einem," and the adjective takes -en → "kreativen." Ending path: kreativ (∅, predicative) → kreative (Akk fem) → kreativen (Dat).
der Flohmarkt, Flohmärkte — flea market
Literally "flea market" — "Floh" = flea + "Markt" = market. Plural umlauts: "die Flohmärkte." Berlin's weekend Flohmärkte (like Mauerpark) are legendary for vintage finds.
Nom Der Flohmarkt ist am Sonntag geöffnet.
The flea market is open on Sunday.
der Flohmarkt (maskulin) = flea market · am Sonntag = on Sunday · geöffnet = open. "Der" — maskulin Nominativ. Der Flohmarkt is the subject.
Akk Wir besuchen den Flohmarkt im Mauerpark.
We visit the flea market in the Mauerpark.
besuchen = to visit · der Flohmarkt (maskulin) = flea market · im Mauerpark = in the Mauerpark. "Den" because maskulin Akkusativ (der → den). Der Flohmarkt is the direct object.
Dat Auf dem Flohmarkt findet man alte Sachen.
At the flea market you find old things.
auf = at/on · der Flohmarkt (maskulin) = flea market · man = one/you · finden = to find · alte Sachen = old things. "Dem" because maskulin Dativ (der → dem) after "auf" (location, no movement).
das Label, -s — label / brand
English loanword, neutrum, plural -s: "die Labels." In fashion it means a brand; on a bottle it can mean the sticker/label. Berlin has many small independent Labels.
Nom Das Label kommt aus Berlin.
The label (brand) comes from Berlin.
das Label (neutrum) = label/brand · kommen aus = to come from. "Das" — neutrum Nominativ. Das Label is the subject.
Akk Viele Leute kennen das Label.
Many people know the brand.
viele Leute = many people · kennen = to know · das Label (neutrum) = brand. "Das" stays "das" in neutrum Akkusativ (das → das). Das Label is the direct object.
Dat Sie arbeitet bei dem Label als Designerin.
She works at the brand as a designer.
arbeiten bei = to work at · bei = at (Dativ preposition) · das Label (neutrum) = brand · die Designerin = female designer. "Dem" because neutrum Dativ (das → dem) after "bei" (always Dativ).
vintage — vintage
An English adjective used in German fashion talk, mostly unchanged and predicative ("Die Jacke ist vintage"). Very trendy in Berlin, where vintage clothes and furniture are everywhere.
Nom Die Jacke ist vintage.
The jacket is vintage.
die Jacke (feminin) = jacket · sein = to be · vintage = vintage. Predicative use: after "ist" it takes no ending. "Die Jacke" is the subject in Nominativ (feminin die).
Akk Ich suche einen Vintage-Stuhl für die Küche.
I am looking for a vintage chair for the kitchen.
suchen = to look for · der Stuhl (maskulin) = chair · vintage = vintage · für die Küche = for the kitchen. As part of a compound "Vintage-Stuhl," the word "vintage" stays fixed; the case shows on the article/noun: maskulin "ein" → "einen" in Akkusativ. Der Stuhl is the direct object of suchen.
Dat Auf dem Vintage-Markt gibt es viele Schätze.
At the vintage market there are many treasures.
auf = at/on · der Markt (maskulin) = market · vintage = vintage · es gibt = there is/are · Schätze = treasures. "Dem Vintage-Markt" is Dativ after "auf" (location): maskulin der → dem. "Vintage" stays fixed inside the compound.
die Sache, -n — thing
"Die Sache" is a general word for a thing, matter, or affair. Plural "die Sachen" often means "stuff/belongings" — "Pack deine Sachen!" = "Pack your things!"
Nom Die Sache ist kompliziert.
The matter is complicated.
die Sache (feminin) = thing/matter · kompliziert = complicated. "Die" — feminin Nominativ. Die Sache is the subject.
Akk Ich verstehe die Sache nicht.
I don't understand the matter.
verstehen = to understand · die Sache (feminin) = thing/matter · nicht = not. "Die" stays "die" in feminin Akkusativ (die → die). Die Sache is the direct object.
Dat Wir sprechen über die Sache mit der Rechnung.
We talk about the matter with the bill.
sprechen über = to talk about · die Sache = matter · mit = with (Dativ) · die Rechnung (feminin) = bill/invoice. "Der Rechnung" is Dativ after "mit" (feminin die → der). Here a second noun shows the Dativ form clearly.
der Hof, Höfe — courtyard / yard
"Der Hof" is an inner courtyard, common in old Berlin apartment blocks (Hinterhof = back courtyard). Plural takes an umlaut: "die Höfe." It can also mean a farm or a royal court.
Nom Der Hof ist ruhig und grün.
The courtyard is quiet and green.
der Hof (maskulin) = courtyard · ruhig = quiet · grün = green. "Der" — maskulin Nominativ. Der Hof is the subject.
Akk Die Kinder überqueren den Hof.
The children cross the courtyard.
die Kinder = the children · überqueren = to cross · der Hof (maskulin) = courtyard. "Den" because maskulin Akkusativ (der → den). Der Hof is the direct object.
Dat Die Fahrräder stehen in dem Hof.
The bicycles are (standing) in the courtyard.
die Fahrräder = the bicycles · stehen = to stand · in = in · der Hof (maskulin) = courtyard. "Dem" because maskulin Dativ (der → dem) after "in" (location, no movement). "In dem" is often shortened to "im."
der/die Jugendliche, -n — teenager / young person
This is an adjectival noun: it declines like an adjective, so the ending changes with case ("der Jugendliche," "ein Jugendlicher," "dem Jugendlichen"). Use "der Jugendliche" for a male, "die Jugendliche" for a female, and "die Jugendlichen" for the plural.
Nom Der Jugendliche hört gern Musik.
The teenager (male) likes listening to music.
der Jugendliche = the (male) teenager · hören = to listen/hear · gern = gladly · die Musik = music. "Der Jugendliche" is the subject in Nominativ. As an adjectival noun after "der," it ends in -e → "Jugendliche."
Akk Der Lehrer fragt den Jugendlichen.
The teacher asks the teenager.
der Lehrer = teacher · fragen = to ask · der Jugendliche = the (male) teenager. In Akkusativ the article changes der → den, and the adjectival noun ending changes -e → -en → "den Jugendlichen." He is the direct object of fragen.
Dat Ich helfe dem Jugendlichen mit den Hausaufgaben.
I help the teenager with the homework.
helfen = to help (takes Dativ) · der Jugendliche = the (male) teenager · mit den Hausaufgaben = with the homework. "Helfen" always takes a Dativ object: der → dem, ending -e → -en → "dem Jugendlichen."
einfach — simple / easy
Very useful adjective and also a flavoring particle ("Mach das einfach!" = "Just do it!"). Predicative form has no ending; attributive forms take normal adjective endings.
Nom Die Aufgabe ist einfach.
The task is easy.
die Aufgabe (feminin) = task · sein = to be · einfach = easy/simple. Predicative use: after "ist" the adjective takes NO ending → "einfach." "Die Aufgabe" is the subject in Nominativ (feminin die).
Akk Ich suche ein einfaches Rezept.
I am looking for a simple recipe.
suchen = to look for · das Rezept (neutrum) = recipe · einfach = simple. Attributive in Akkusativ: neutrum "ein" is unchanged, and the adjective takes -es → "einfaches." Ending change: einfach (∅, predicative) → einfaches (Akk neutrum). Das Rezept is the direct object.
Dat Mit einem einfachen Trick geht es schneller.
With a simple trick it goes faster.
mit = with (Dativ) · der Trick (maskulin) = trick · einfach = simple · schneller = faster. Attributive in Dativ: after "mit" → Dativ; maskulin "ein" → "einem," adjective takes -en → "einfachen." Ending path: einfach (∅) → einfaches (Akk n.) → einfachen (Dat m.).
böse — angry / evil / mean
"Böse" can mean angry ("Bist du böse?" = "Are you angry?") or evil (the "böse Hexe" = wicked witch in fairy tales). Because it already ends in -e, its attributive endings look a little different.
Nom Der Mann ist böse.
The man is angry.
der Mann (maskulin) = man · sein = to be · böse = angry. Predicative use: after "ist" the adjective takes NO extra ending → "böse." "Der Mann" is the subject in Nominativ (maskulin der).
Akk Das Kind hat einen bösen Traum.
The child has a bad (scary) dream.
das Kind = child · haben = to have · der Traum (maskulin) = dream · böse = bad/evil. Attributive in Akkusativ: maskulin "ein" → "einen," and the adjective adds -n to its -e → "bösen." Ending change: böse (predicative) → bösen (Akk maskulin). Der Traum is the direct object.
Dat In der bösen Geschichte gewinnt der Drache.
In the evil story the dragon wins.
in = in · die Geschichte (feminin) = story · böse = evil · gewinnen = to win. Attributive in Dativ: after "in" (location) → Dativ; feminin "die" → "der," adjective ending -en → "bösen." Ending path: böse (predicative) → bösen (Dat feminin).
schnell — fast / quick
Works as both an adjective ("das schnelle Auto") and an adverb ("Er fährt schnell"). Predicative and adverb forms take no ending; attributive forms decline normally.
Nom Der Zug ist sehr schnell.
The train is very fast.
der Zug (maskulin) = train · sein = to be · schnell = fast. Predicative use: after "ist" no ending → "schnell." "Der Zug" is the subject in Nominativ (maskulin der).
Akk Ich nehme den schnellen Bus in die Stadt.
I take the fast bus into town.
nehmen = to take · der Bus (maskulin) = bus · schnell = fast · in die Stadt = into town. Attributive in Akkusativ: maskulin "der" → "den," adjective takes -en → "schnellen." Ending change: schnell (∅, predicative) → schnellen (Akk maskulin). Der Bus is the direct object.
Dat Mit dem schnellen Auto sind wir bald da.
With the fast car we will be there soon.
mit = with (Dativ) · das Auto (neutrum) = car · schnell = fast · bald = soon. Attributive in Dativ: after "mit" → Dativ; neutrum "das" → "dem," adjective ending -en → "schnellen." Ending path: schnell (∅) → schnellen (Akk m.) → schnellen (Dat n.).
langsam — slow / slowly
The opposite of "schnell." Like schnell, it works as an adjective and an adverb ("Fahr langsam!" = "Drive slowly!"). Predicative/adverb: no ending; attributive: normal endings.
Nom Die Schnecke ist langsam.
The snail is slow.
die Schnecke (feminin) = snail · sein = to be · langsam = slow. Predicative use: after "ist" no ending → "langsam." "Die Schnecke" is the subject in Nominativ (feminin die).
Akk Wir mögen die langsame Musik.
We like the slow music.
mögen = to like · die Musik (feminin) = music · langsam = slow. Attributive in Akkusativ: feminin "die" stays "die," adjective takes -e → "langsame." Ending change: langsam (∅, predicative) → langsame (Akk feminin). Die Musik is the direct object.
Dat Mit einem langsamen Bus dauert es lange.
With a slow bus it takes a long time.
mit = with (Dativ) · der Bus (maskulin) = bus · langsam = slow · dauern = to last/take · lange = a long time. Attributive in Dativ: after "mit" → Dativ; maskulin "ein" → "einem," adjective takes -en → "langsamen." Ending path: langsam (∅) → langsame (Akk fem.) → langsamen (Dat masc.).
das Duschgel, -s — shower gel
A compound: "Dusche" (shower) + "Gel" (gel), gender follows "das Gel" → neutrum. Plural takes "-s": die Duschgels. Found in the Kosmetik section of any Kaufhaus, next to Parfüm and Shampoo.
Nom Das Duschgel riecht nach Zitrone.
The shower gel smells like lemon.
das Duschgel (neutrum) = shower gel · riechen nach = to smell like · die Zitrone = lemon. "Das" — neutrum Nominativ. Duschgel is the subject.
Akk Ich kaufe das Duschgel im Drogeriemarkt.
I buy the shower gel at the drugstore.
kaufen = to buy · das Duschgel (neutrum) = shower gel · der Drogeriemarkt = drugstore. Neutrum stays "das" in Akkusativ. Duschgel is the direct object.
Dat Mit dem Duschgel fühle ich mich frisch.
I feel fresh with the shower gel.
das Duschgel (neutrum) = shower gel · sich fühlen = to feel · frisch = fresh. "Dem" because neutrum Dativ (das → dem) after "mit". "mit" always takes Dativ.
die Kamera, -s — camera
"Die Kamera" (feminin) takes the plural "-s": die Kameras. Note the stress falls on the first syllable, KA-mera, unlike English.
Nom Die Kamera macht tolle Fotos.
The camera takes great photos.
die Kamera (feminin) = camera · machen = to make/take · das Foto = photo. "Die" — feminin Nominativ. Kamera is the subject.
Akk Ich nehme die Kamera mit auf die Reise.
I take the camera along on the trip.
mit|nehmen = to take along · die Kamera (feminin) = camera · die Reise = trip. Feminin stays "die" in Akkusativ. Kamera is the direct object.
Dat Mit der Kamera fotografiere ich die Architektur.
I photograph the architecture with the camera.
fotografieren = to photograph · die Kamera (feminin) = camera · die Architektur = architecture. "Der" because feminin Dativ (die → der) after "mit". "mit" always takes Dativ.
der USB-Stick, -s — USB stick
A hybrid word: "USB" + English "Stick", maskulin like "der Stock/Stick" (thing you plug in). Plural: die USB-Sticks. Pronounced "u-es-be-Stick".
Nom Der USB-Stick ist sehr klein.
The USB stick is very small.
der USB-Stick (maskulin) = USB stick · klein = small. "Der" — maskulin Nominativ. USB-Stick is the subject.
Akk Ich brauche den USB-Stick für die Präsentation.
I need the USB stick for the presentation.
brauchen = to need · der USB-Stick (maskulin) = USB stick · die Präsentation = presentation. "Den" because maskulin Akkusativ (der → den). USB-Stick is the direct object.
Dat Auf dem USB-Stick sind alle meine Fotos.
All my photos are on the USB stick.
auf = on · der USB-Stick (maskulin) = USB stick · das Foto = photo. "Dem" because maskulin Dativ (der → dem) after "auf" (location, no movement → Dativ).
der Haushalt, -e — household
"Der Haushalt" (maskulin) means the household or housekeeping in general. In a Kaufhaus, "Haushalt" is the department floor for kitchen and cleaning goods. Plural: die Haushalte.
Nom Der Haushalt kostet viel Zeit.
The household takes up a lot of time.
der Haushalt (maskulin) = household · kosten = to cost · die Zeit = time. "Der" — maskulin Nominativ. Haushalt is the subject.
Akk Sie organisiert den Haushalt allein.
She organizes the household by herself.
organisieren = to organize · der Haushalt (maskulin) = household · allein = alone. "Den" because maskulin Akkusativ (der → den). Haushalt is the direct object.
Dat Im Erdgeschoss, bei dem Haushalt, gibt es Handtücher.
On the ground floor, in the household section, there are towels.
bei = at/near (Dativ) · der Haushalt (maskulin) = household (section) · das Handtuch = towel. "Dem" because maskulin Dativ (der → dem) after "bei". "bei" always takes Dativ.
praktisch — handy, practical
Works as both an adjective and adverb, like most German adjectives. Predicative/adverb form takes no ending: "Das ist praktisch." Attributive forms take normal adjective endings.
Nom Der USB-Stick ist praktisch.
The USB stick is handy.
praktisch = handy/practical · der USB-Stick (maskulin) = USB stick. Predicative use (after "ist") → NO ending. "Der USB-Stick" is the subject in Nominativ (maskulin der).
Akk Ich suche eine praktische Tasche.
I am looking for a practical bag.
praktisch = practical · suchen = to look for · die Tasche = bag. Attributive before a feminin Akkusativ noun → ending -e: "praktische". Feminin "eine" is unchanged in Akkusativ.
Dat Mit dem praktischen Duschgel spare ich Zeit.
With the practical shower gel I save time.
praktisch = practical · sparen = to save · das Duschgel = shower gel. Attributive in Dativ → ending -en: "praktischen". Neutrum Dativ (das → dem) after "mit". "mit" always takes Dativ.
das Untergeschoss, -e — basement
Literally "under-floor" (unter + Geschoss), a common word in Kaufhäuser for the level below ground, often abbreviated "UG" on elevator buttons. Neutrum, plural: die Untergeschosse.
Nom Das Untergeschoss ist für Elektronik.
The basement is for electronics.
das Untergeschoss (neutrum) = basement · die Elektronik = electronics. "Das" — neutrum Nominativ. Untergeschoss is the subject.
Akk Wir suchen das Untergeschoss mit den USB-Sticks.
We are looking for the basement with the USB sticks.
suchen = to look for · das Untergeschoss (neutrum) = basement · der USB-Stick = USB stick. Neutrum stays "das" in Akkusativ. Untergeschoss is the direct object.
Dat In dem Untergeschoss ist es kühler.
It is cooler in the basement.
das Untergeschoss (neutrum) = basement · kühl = cool. "Dem" because neutrum Dativ (das → dem) after "in" (location, no movement). Often shortened to "im".
täglich — daily, every day
From "der Tag" (day) + "-lich" (adjective ending), meaning "daily". Very common on shop signs: "täglich geöffnet von 9 bis 20 Uhr" = open daily from 9 to 8 p.m.
Nom Der Kiosk ist täglich geöffnet von acht bis zwanzig Uhr.
The kiosk is open daily from eight a.m. to eight p.m.
täglich = daily · der Kiosk (maskulin) = kiosk · geöffnet = open · von ... bis ... = from ... to .... "Der Kiosk" is the subject in Nominativ (maskulin der). "Täglich" describes how often, no ending needed (adverb use).
Akk Ich mache täglich einen Spaziergang.
I take a walk every day.
täglich = daily/every day · machen = to make/do · der Spaziergang (maskulin) = walk. "Einen Spaziergang" is the Akkusativ direct object (maskulin ein → einen). "Täglich" is an adverb here, unchanged.
Dat Nach der täglichen Öffnung räumt sie die Kasse auf.
After the daily opening she tidies up the checkout.
täglich = daily (attributive here) · nach = after (Dativ) · die Öffnung (feminin) = opening · die Kasse = checkout. Attributive in Dativ → ending -en: "täglichen". Feminin Dativ (die → der) after "nach".
auf sein — to be open (of a shop)
A fixed idiom using "auf" + "sein": "Das Geschäft ist auf" = The shop is open. Simpler and more casual than "geöffnet sein". Compare "auf·haben", the separable verb version used with "haben" instead of "sein".
Nom Das Geschäft ist heute auf.
The shop is open today.
auf sein = to be open · das Geschäft (neutrum) = shop · heute = today. "Das Geschäft" is the subject in Nominativ (neutrum das). "Auf" is the fixed predicate — it never changes form.
Akk Ich finde den Buchladen super, weil er immer auf ist.
I think the bookstore is great because it's always open.
auf sein = to be open · finden = to find/think · der Buchladen (maskulin) = bookstore. "Den Buchladen" is the Akkusativ direct object of "finden" (der → den). In the "weil" clause, "er ... auf ist" uses "auf sein".
Dat Zu der Mittagszeit ist der Kiosk auf.
At midday the kiosk is open.
auf sein = to be open · zu = at (Dativ) · die Mittagszeit (feminin) = midday. "Der Mittagszeit" is Dativ (die → der) after "zu". "zu" always takes Dativ. "Der Kiosk" is the subject.
zu sein — to be closed (of a shop)
The opposite of "auf sein": "Der Laden ist zu" = The shop is closed. A casual, spoken alternative to "geschlossen sein". Compare "zu·haben", the separable verb used with "haben".
Nom Der Laden ist sonntags zu.
The shop is closed on Sundays.
zu sein = to be closed · der Laden (maskulin) = shop · sonntags = on Sundays. "Der Laden" is the subject in Nominativ (maskulin der). "Zu" is the fixed predicate — it never changes form.
Akk Ich mag den Secondhand-Laden nicht, weil er oft zu ist.
I don't like the thrift store because it's often closed.
zu sein = to be closed · mögen = to like · der Secondhand-Laden (maskulin) = thrift store. "Den Secondhand-Laden" is the Akkusativ direct object of "mögen" (der → den). In the "weil" clause, "er ... zu ist" uses "zu sein".
Dat An dem Feiertag ist die Kasse zu.
On the public holiday the checkout is closed.
zu sein = to be closed · an = on (Dativ) · der Feiertag (maskulin) = public holiday. "Dem Feiertag" is Dativ (der → dem) after "an" for a day. "Die Kasse" is the subject.
das Schild, -er — sign
"Das Schild" (neutrum) is a sign — on a shop door, a street, or a warning notice. Plural with -er: die Schilder. Don't confuse it with "der Schild" (a shield), a different word.
Nom Das Schild hängt an der Tür.
The sign is hanging on the door.
das Schild (neutrum) = sign · hängen = to hang · die Tür = door. "Das" — neutrum Nominativ. Schild is the subject.
Akk Ich lese das Schild vor dem Laden.
I read the sign in front of the shop.
lesen = to read · das Schild (neutrum) = sign · der Laden = shop. Neutrum stays "das" in Akkusativ. Schild is the direct object.
Dat Auf dem Schild stehen die Öffnungszeiten.
The opening hours are on the sign.
auf = on · das Schild (neutrum) = sign · die Öffnungszeiten = opening hours. "Dem" because neutrum Dativ (das → dem) after "auf" (location, no movement).
aktuell — current, latest
Careful — "aktuell" means "current/up-to-date", not "actually" (that's "eigentlich"). "(top)aktuell" in the textbook means "totally current/cutting-edge". A false friend worth remembering.
Nom Das Design ist sehr aktuell.
The design is very current.
aktuell = current · das Design (neutrum) = design · sehr = very. Predicative use (after "ist") → NO ending. "Das Design" is the subject in Nominativ (neutrum das).
Akk Sie liest die aktuelle Zeitschrift.
She reads the current magazine.
aktuell = current · lesen = to read · die Zeitschrift = magazine. Attributive before a feminin Akkusativ noun → ending -e: "aktuelle". Feminin stays "die" in Akkusativ.
Dat Mit dem aktuellen Modell arbeitet man schneller.
With the current model you work faster.
aktuell = current · das Modell = model · schneller = faster. Attributive in Dativ → ending -en: "aktuellen". Neutrum Dativ (das → dem) after "mit". "mit" always takes Dativ.
originell — original, quirky
Describes something creatively unusual — an original idea, a quirky gift, an unconventional design. Close to English "original" but with a friendlier, more playful tone.
Nom Das Souvenir ist wirklich originell.
The souvenir is really quirky/original.
originell = original/quirky · das Souvenir (neutrum) = souvenir · wirklich = really. Predicative use (after "ist") → NO ending. "Das Souvenir" is the subject in Nominativ (neutrum das).
Akk Ich suche ein originelles Label.
I am looking for a quirky brand/label.
originell = quirky · suchen = to look for · das Label = label/brand. Attributive before a neutrum Akkusativ noun → ending -es: "originelles". Neutrum "ein" is unchanged in Akkusativ.
Dat Mit der originellen Erfindung wird er berühmt.
With the original invention he becomes famous.
originell = original · die Erfindung = invention · berühmt = famous. Attributive in Dativ → ending -en: "originellen". Feminin Dativ (die → der) after "mit". "mit" always takes Dativ.
attraktiv — attractive
Close to English "attractive" — used for people, prices, or offers alike: "ein attraktives Angebot" = an attractive offer. Standard adjective endings apply.
Nom Die Architektur ist sehr attraktiv.
The architecture is very attractive.
attraktiv = attractive · die Architektur (feminin) = architecture · sehr = very. Predicative use (after "ist") → NO ending. "Die Architektur" is the subject in Nominativ (feminin die).
Akk Wir finden das attraktive Angebot super.
We think the attractive offer is great.
attraktiv = attractive · finden = to find/think · das Angebot = offer. Attributive before a neutrum Akkusativ noun → ending -e: "attraktive" (das stays das). Angebot is the direct object.
Dat Mit dem attraktiven Design verkauft sich das Produkt gut.
With the attractive design the product sells well.
attraktiv = attractive · das Design = design · sich verkaufen = to sell (itself). Attributive in Dativ → ending -en: "attraktiven". Neutrum Dativ (das → dem) after "mit". "mit" always takes Dativ.
die Architektur (Sg.) — architecture
Used mostly in the singular, like English "architecture" as a category. Berlin's mix of historic and modern Architektur is a favorite topic in German textbooks about the city.
Nom Die Architektur in Berlin ist sehr vielfältig.
The architecture in Berlin is very diverse.
die Architektur (feminin) = architecture · vielfältig = diverse. "Die" — feminin Nominativ. Architektur is the subject.
Akk Touristen fotografieren die Architektur der Stadt.
Tourists photograph the architecture of the city.
fotografieren = to photograph · die Architektur (feminin) = architecture · die Stadt = city. Feminin stays "die" in Akkusativ. Architektur is the direct object.
Dat In der Architektur der Stadt zeigt sich viel Geschichte.
A lot of history shows in the architecture of the city.
in = in (Dativ) · die Architektur (feminin) = architecture · die Geschichte = history. "Der" because feminin Dativ (die → der) after "in" (location, no movement).
das Souvenir, -s — souvenir
A French/English loanword, neutrum, plural with "-s": die Souvenirs. A classic word for the small gifts tourists bring home — postcards, magnets, mini Brandenburger Tore.
Nom Das Souvenir kommt aus Berlin.
The souvenir is from Berlin.
das Souvenir (neutrum) = souvenir · kommen aus = to come from. "Das" — neutrum Nominativ. Souvenir is the subject.
Akk Ich kaufe das Souvenir für meine Oma.
I buy the souvenir for my grandma.
kaufen = to buy · das Souvenir (neutrum) = souvenir · für = for (Akkusativ) · die Oma = grandma. Neutrum stays "das" in Akkusativ. Souvenir is the direct object.
Dat Auf dem Souvenir steht "Berlin".
It says "Berlin" on the souvenir.
auf = on · das Souvenir (neutrum) = souvenir · stehen = to say/stand (written). "Dem" because neutrum Dativ (das → dem) after "auf" (location, no movement).
die Erfindung, -en — invention
From "erfinden" (to invent), and like most "-ung" nouns, feminin. Plural: die Erfindungen. Germany is proud of famous Erfindungen like the automobile and the printing press.
Nom Die Erfindung verändert die Welt.
The invention changes the world.
die Erfindung (feminin) = invention · verändern = to change · die Welt = world. "Die" — feminin Nominativ (all "-ung" nouns are feminin). Erfindung is the subject.
Akk Wer kennt die Erfindung des Buchdrucks?
Who knows the invention of the printing press?
kennen = to know · die Erfindung (feminin) = invention · der Buchdruck = printing press. Feminin stays "die" in Akkusativ. Erfindung is the direct object.
Dat Mit der Erfindung beginnt eine neue Zeit.
With the invention a new era begins.
die Erfindung (feminin) = invention · beginnen = to begin · neu = new · die Zeit = era/time. "Der" because feminin Dativ (die → der) after "mit". "mit" always takes Dativ.
aus·gehen, er geht aus, ist ausgegangen — to go out
A separable verb: prefix "aus" jumps to the end: "Ich gehe heute Abend aus." Like most verbs of motion, it forms the Perfekt with "sein": ist ausgegangen. Used for going out for fun (bar, club, party), not just "leaving".
Nom Der/die Jugendliche geht am Wochenende gern aus.
The teenager likes to go out on the weekend.
ausgehen = to go out · der/die Jugendliche = teenager · das Wochenende = weekend. "Der Jugendliche" is the Nominativ subject. Separable prefix "aus" goes to the end.
Akk Wir planen den Abend, bevor wir ausgehen.
We plan the evening before we go out.
ausgehen = to go out · planen = to plan · der Abend (maskulin) = evening. "Den Abend" is the Akkusativ direct object of "planen" (der → den).
Dat Nach der Arbeit ist sie mit Freunden ausgegangen.
After work she went out with friends.
ausgehen = to go out (Perfekt with "sein": ist ausgegangen) · nach = after (Dativ) · die Arbeit (feminin) = work · mit Freunden = with friends. "Der Arbeit" is Dativ (die → der) after "nach". "nach" always takes Dativ.
fern·sehen, er sieht fern, hat ferngesehen — to watch TV
A separable verb built from "fern" (far) + "sehen" (to see) — literally "to see far", i.e. television. The prefix "fern" jumps to the end: "Ich sehe abends fern." Perfekt uses "haben": hat ferngesehen.
Nom Das Kind sieht zu viel fern.
The child watches too much TV.
fernsehen = to watch TV · das Kind (neutrum) = child · zu viel = too much. "Das Kind" is the Nominativ subject. Separable prefix "fern" goes to the end.
Akk Ich mag die Sendung, die ich abends im Fernsehen sehe.
I like the show that I watch on TV in the evening.
fernsehen = to watch TV · mögen = to like · die Sendung (feminin) = TV show. "Die Sendung" is the Akkusativ direct object of "mögen" (feminin die → die).
Dat Nach dem Abendessen hat er ferngesehen.
After dinner he watched TV.
fernsehen = to watch TV (Perfekt with "haben": hat ferngesehen) · nach = after (Dativ) · das Abendessen (neutrum) = dinner. "Dem Abendessen" is Dativ (das → dem) after "nach". "nach" always takes Dativ.
Ich danke Ihnen. — I thank you. (formal)
A formal, slightly old-fashioned way to say thank you, using the verb "danken" (+ Dativ) with the formal "Sie/Ihnen". More common in speech is simply "Danke!" or "Vielen Dank!" — "Ich danke Ihnen" fits very formal or written contexts.
Nom Ich danke Ihnen für Ihre Hilfe.
I thank you for your help.
danken = to thank (+ Dativ) · Ihnen = you (formal, Dativ) · die Hilfe = help. "Ich" is the Nominativ subject; "Ihnen" is the fixed formal Dativ object that "danken" always requires.
Akk Der Kunde sagt: „Ich danke Ihnen“, und verlässt den Laden.
The customer says, "I thank you," and leaves the shop.
verlassen = to leave · der Laden (maskulin) = shop. "Den Laden" is the Akkusativ direct object of "verlassen" (der → den). The fixed phrase "Ich danke Ihnen" itself never changes.
Dat „Ich danke Ihnen“, sagt sie zu dem Verkäufer.
"I thank you," she says to the salesperson.
zu = to (Dativ) · der Verkäufer (maskulin) = salesperson. "Dem Verkäufer" is Dativ (der → dem) after "zu". The phrase's own "Ihnen" is also Dativ, required by "danken".
auf jeden Fall — in any case, definitely
A fixed phrase built from "auf" + "jeden Fall" (every case, Akkusativ). It doesn't decline further — it's used exactly like this to mean "for sure" or "no matter what."
Nom Auf jeden Fall ist die Jacke schön.
In any case, the jacket is beautiful.
auf jeden Fall = in any case · die Jacke = jacket · schön = beautiful. "Die Jacke" is the Nominativ subject (feminin die). "Auf jeden Fall" is a fixed opener and never changes form.
Akk Ich kaufe das Souvenir auf jeden Fall.
I will definitely buy the souvenir.
auf jeden Fall = definitely · kaufen = to buy · das Souvenir = souvenir. "Das Souvenir" is the Akkusativ direct object (neutrum das → das). "Auf jeden Fall" stays fixed at the end.
Dat Mit dem Rabatt lohnt sich der Kauf auf jeden Fall.
With the discount, the purchase is definitely worth it.
auf jeden Fall = definitely · mit = with · der Rabatt (maskulin) = discount · sich lohnen = to be worth it. "Dem Rabatt" is Dativ (der → dem) after "mit". "mit" always takes Dativ.
Quatsch! — Nonsense!
A common, casual exclamation to dismiss something as silly or untrue — like "Nonsense!" or "No way!" in English. Comes from "der Quatsch" (nonsense/rubbish), but as an exclamation it stands alone with no article.
Nom „Quatsch!“, ruft der Mann.
"Nonsense!" shouts the man.
Quatsch! = Nonsense! · rufen = to shout · der Mann (maskulin) = man. "Der Mann" is the Nominativ subject of "rufen". "Quatsch!" stands alone as a fixed exclamation.
Akk „Quatsch!“, sage ich und schüttele den Kopf.
"Nonsense!" I say and shake my head.
Quatsch! = Nonsense! · schütteln = to shake · der Kopf (maskulin) = head. "Den Kopf" is the Akkusativ direct object of "schütteln" (der → den). "Quatsch!" itself is fixed and takes no case.
Dat „Quatsch!“, antwortet sie dem Verkäufer.
"Nonsense!" she answers the salesperson.
Quatsch! = Nonsense! · antworten = to answer (+ Dativ) · der Verkäufer (maskulin) = salesperson. "Dem Verkäufer" is Dativ (der → dem) because "antworten" always takes a Dativ object.
gleich — same; right away
Two common meanings: as an adjective, "the same" ("Das ist ganz gleich" = it doesn't matter); as an adverb, "right away/soon" ("Ich komme gleich" = I'm coming right away).
Nom Die Größe ist gleich.
The size is the same.
gleich = the same · die Größe (feminin) = size. Predicative use (after "ist") → NO ending. "Die Größe" is the subject in Nominativ (feminin die).
Akk Ich probiere das gleiche Kleid noch mal an.
I try on the same dress again.
gleich = same · anprobieren = to try on · das Kleid = dress. Attributive before a neutrum Akkusativ noun → ending -e: "gleiche" (das stays das). Kleid is the direct object.
Dat Ich komme gleich nach der Pause.
I'll come right away after the break.
gleich = right away (adverb, no ending) · nach = after (Dativ) · die Pause (feminin) = break. "Der Pause" is Dativ (die → der) after "nach". "nach" always takes Dativ.
vorgestern — the day before yesterday
Built from "vor" (before) + "gestern" (yesterday). A fixed time adverb, like "gestern" and "morgen" — it never declines, no matter what case surrounds it in the sentence.
Nom Die Lieferung ist vorgestern gekommen.
The delivery came the day before yesterday.
vorgestern = the day before yesterday · die Lieferung (feminin) = delivery · kommen = to come. "Die Lieferung" is the Nominativ subject. "Vorgestern" is a fixed adverb — it never changes.
Akk Ich habe das Souvenir vorgestern gekauft.
I bought the souvenir the day before yesterday.
vorgestern = the day before yesterday · kaufen = to buy · das Souvenir = souvenir. "Das Souvenir" is the Akkusativ direct object (neutrum das → das). "Vorgestern" is fixed and takes no ending.
Dat Seit vorgestern ist der Laden zu.
The shop has been closed since the day before yesterday.
seit = since (Dativ preposition) · vorgestern = the day before yesterday · der Laden = shop. "Seit" always takes Dativ, but time adverbs like "vorgestern" don't decline — they stay fixed even after a Dativ preposition.
ohne — without (+ Akkusativ)
Unusual among German prepositions: most take Dativ (mit, bei, nach, von, zu, aus), but "ohne" always takes the Akkusativ, like "für" and "durch". Memory tip: "ohne, für, durch, um, gegen" are the core Akkusativ prepositions.
Nom Der Hut gefällt ihm besser.
He likes the hat better.
der Hut (maskulin) = hat · gefallen = to please · besser = better. "Der Hut" is the Nominativ subject (maskulin der) — shown here for contrast before the Akkusativ example below.
Akk Ohne den Hut gefällt er mir besser.
Without the hat, I like him better.
ohne = without (+ Akkusativ) · der Hut (maskulin) = hat · besser = better · gefallen = to please. "Ohne" always takes Akkusativ, so "der Hut" becomes "den Hut" (der → den) directly after "ohne".
Dat Mit der Mütze sieht er lustig aus.
With the cap he looks funny.
mit = with (Dativ preposition, unlike "ohne") · die Mütze (feminin) = cap · aussehen = to look · lustig = funny. "Der Mütze" is Dativ (die → der) after "mit" — showing the contrast: "mit" takes Dativ, but "ohne" always takes Akkusativ.