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Vocab: People & relationships — B1 (1)
People & relationships vocabulary at B1 level.
Maskulin Feminin Neutrum Plural
die Abmachung — agreement; arrangement; deal; specific agreement
Abmachung is a fairly neutral everyday word for an agreement made between people. For a more formal or legally binding agreement, Vereinbarung is often preferred.
Die Abmachung gilt für alle Mitarbeiter.
The agreement applies to all employees.
gilt means applies or is valid, and alle Mitarbeiter means all employees. Die Abmachung is nominative because it is the subject; für alle Mitarbeiter is accusative because für always takes the accusative.
Wir müssen die Abmachung einhalten.
We have to keep the agreement.
müssen means have to, and einhalten means keep or comply with. Die Abmachung is accusative because it is the object of einhalten; müssen is in position two and the infinitive goes to the end.
Er hält sich an der Abmachung.
He sticks to the agreement.
sich halten an means to stick to, and er means he. The standard form is sich an die Abmachung halten, with accusative after an in this fixed expression; the sentence shows a common learner error, because an der Abmachung is not correct here.
Die Bedingungen der Abmachung sind klar.
The conditions of the agreement are clear.
die Bedingungen are the conditions, and klar means clear. Der Abmachung is genitive after die Bedingungen to show which conditions; sind is in position two, and klar is a predicative adjective.
Unsere Abmachungen sind schriftlich festgehalten.
Our agreements are recorded in writing.
unsere means our, schriftlich means in writing, and festgehalten means recorded or written down. Unsere Abmachungen is plural nominative because it is the subject; sind is in position two and the participle festgehalten stands at the end.
Sie haben eine geheime Abmachung getroffen.
They made a secret deal.
sie means they, geheim means secret, and getroffen means made in the expression eine Abmachung treffen. Eine geheime Abmachung is accusative as the object of getroffen; haben is in position two and getroffen goes to the end.
Die beiden halten sich nicht an ihre Abmachung.
The two of them are not sticking to their agreement.
die beiden means the two of them, and ihre means their. Sich an ihre Abmachung halten takes accusative after an in this fixed expression; nicht negates the action, and halten is in position two.
abwesend — absent, not present
Abwesend normally describes a person who is not present at a place or event, and it can also mean mentally distracted. The comparative and superlative are possible when people or degrees of attention are compared.
Herr Klein ist heute abwesend.
Mr Klein is absent today.
Herr Klein is a man's name, and heute means today. Abwesend is predicative after ist, so it has no ending; the finite verb ist stands in position two.
Die abwesenden Schüler bekommen die Aufgabe später.
The absent pupils will get the assignment later.
die Schüler means the pupils, die Aufgabe means the assignment, and später means later. Abwesenden is before the plural nominative subject and takes -en after die; bekommen is in position two.
Wegen seiner Krankheit war er gestern abwesend.
He was absent yesterday because of his illness.
wegen seiner Krankheit means because of his illness, and gestern means yesterday. Wegen traditionally takes the genitive, so seiner Krankheit is genitive; war is in position two and abwesend is predicative.
Heute ist er abwesender als gestern.
Today he is more absent-minded than yesterday.
heute means today, and gestern means yesterday. The predicative comparative abwesender has no adjective ending; als introduces the comparison.
Von allen Teilnehmern war er am abwesendsten.
Of all the participants, he was the most absent-minded.
von allen Teilnehmern means of all the participants, and Teilnehmer means participants. Von takes the dative, while the predicative superlative am abwesendsten has no adjective ending.
die Abwesenheit — absence, non-attendance
Abwesenheit is usually used for a person's absence from a place or event. The opposite is Anwesenheit, meaning presence; Abwesenheit is countable when it refers to separate periods of absence.
Die Abwesenheit der Lehrerin fiel sofort auf.
The teacher's absence was noticed immediately.
die Lehrerin means the female teacher, and sofort means immediately; auffallen means to be noticed or stand out. Die Abwesenheit is nominative because it is the subject, while der Lehrerin is genitive to show whose absence it is; the separable verb places fiel in position two and auf at the end.
Der Direktor bemerkte die Abwesenheit des Schülers.
The head teacher noticed the pupil's absence.
der Direktor means the head teacher or director, bemerkte means noticed, and des Schülers means of the pupil. Die Abwesenheit is accusative because bem merken takes a direct object, while des Schülers is genitive and shows whose absence it is.
Bei der Abwesenheit des Chefs entscheidet die Stellvertretung.
When the boss is absent, the deputy makes the decision.
bei means in the event of or during, des Chefs means of the boss, and die Stellvertretung means the deputy or stand-in. Bei always takes the dative, so der Abwesenheit is dative; des Chefs is genitive, and the finite verb entscheidet is in position two.
Wegen der Abwesenheit des Arztes wurde der Termin verschoben.
Because of the doctor's absence, the appointment was postponed.
wegen means because of, des Arztes means of the doctor, der Termin means the appointment, and verschoben means postponed. Wegen takes the genitive, so der Abwesenheit is genitive; the passive verb uses wurde in position two and verschoben at the end.
Viele Abwesenheiten müssen erklärt werden.
Many absences must be explained.
viele means many, and erklärt means explained. Abwesenheiten is the plural subject in the nominative; the modal müssen is in position two, while erklärt werden forms a passive construction at the end.
der Afrikaner — African man
Afrikaner can mean an African man or, depending on context, a member of the Afrikaner ethnic group in southern Africa. For a woman, use Afrikanerin.
Der Afrikaner arbeitet in Berlin.
The African man works in Berlin.
arbeitet means works, in Berlin means in Berlin, and Berlin is the capital city of Germany. Der Afrikaner is nominative because it is the subject; the finite verb arbeitet stands in position two.
Ich treffe den Afrikaner morgen.
I am meeting the African man tomorrow.
ich treffe means I meet, and morgen means tomorrow. Den Afrikaner is accusative because treffen takes a direct object; unlike der Affe, this noun does not add -n in the accusative.
Sie hilft dem Afrikaner bei der Arbeit.
She helps the African man with the work.
sie hilft means she helps, bei der Arbeit means with the work, and Arbeit means work. Dem Afrikaner is dative because helfen always takes a dative person; bei also governs the dative.
Das Auto des Afrikaners steht vor dem Haus.
The African man's car is in front of the house.
das Auto means the car, steht means is standing or is located, vor dem Haus means in front of the house, and Haus means house. Des Afrikaners is genitive because it shows possession, while vor dem Haus is dative because it describes a fixed location.
Viele Afrikaner studieren in Europa.
Many Africans study in Europe.
viele means many, studieren means study, and Europa means Europe. Afrikaner is the plural after viele and has no ending change; in Europa describes location and therefore uses dative.
die Afrikanerin — African woman
Afrikanerin is the feminine form of Afrikaner. Its plural changes -in to -innen, as in Afrikanerinnen.
Die Afrikanerin arbeitet als Ärztin.
The African woman works as a doctor.
arbeitet means works, als Ärztin means as a doctor, and Ärztin means female doctor. Die Afrikanerin is nominative because it is the subject; the finite verb arbeitet stands in position two.
Ich treffe die Afrikanerin heute.
I am meeting the African woman today.
ich treffe means I meet, and heute means today. Die Afrikanerin is accusative because treffen takes a direct object; feminine singular has the same article form die in nominative and accusative.
Er hilft der Afrikanerin mit dem Formular.
He helps the African woman with the form.
er hilft means he helps, mit dem Formular means with the form, and Formular means form. Der Afrikanerin is dative because helfen takes a dative person; mit also governs the dative.
Die Tasche der Afrikanerin liegt hier.
The African woman's bag is lying here.
die Tasche means the bag, liegt means is lying, and hier means here. Der Afrikanerin is genitive because it shows whose bag it is; the feminine genitive article is der, not die.
Die Afrikanerinnen sprechen mehrere Sprachen.
The African women speak several languages.
sprechen means speak, mehrere means several, and Sprachen means languages. Afrikanerinnen is plural and is formed by changing -in to -innen; the finite verb sprechen stands in position two.
die Anerkennung — recognition, praise, appreciation
Anerkennung can mean general respect or praise, while eine Anerkennung can also be a specific award or expression of appreciation. It is a feminine noun with plural Anerkennungen; do not confuse it with the verb anerkennen.
Die Anerkennung für ihre Arbeit freut sie.
The recognition for her work makes her happy.
die Arbeit means the work, and freut sie means makes her happy. die Anerkennung is the nominative subject; the finite verb freut stands in position two, and für ihre Arbeit explains what the recognition is for.
Er bekommt viel Anerkennung für seine Hilfe.
He receives a lot of recognition for his help.
bekommt means receives, viel means a lot of, and seine Hilfe means his help. Anerkennung is an accusative object after bekommen; the feminine noun has the same form in the nominative and accusative singular.
Sie dankt ihm für die Anerkennung.
She thanks him for the recognition.
dankt means thanks, and ihm means to him. ihm is dative because danken takes a dative person; für die Anerkennung is an accusative phrase because für always governs the accusative.
Der Wert der Anerkennung ist schwer zu messen.
The value of recognition is difficult to measure.
der Wert means the value, schwer means difficult, and zu messen means to measure. der Anerkennung is genitive because it identifies whose or what value is meant; the finite verb ist is in position two.
Viele Anerkennungen hängen an der Wand.
Many awards are hanging on the wall.
viele means many, hängen means are hanging, and die Wand means the wall. Anerkennungen is the plural subject in the nominative; an der Wand is dative because an describes a fixed location.
auskommen — to manage, get by; to get along with
For managing with or without something, auskommen is used with mit plus dative or ohne plus accusative. In the perfect it takes sein: ist ausgekommen.
Sie kommt mit wenig Geld aus.
She manages with little money.
wenig Geld means little money. Mit always takes the dative, so mit wenig Geld is a dative phrase; kommt is in position two and the prefix aus goes to the end.
Wir sind mit dem kleinen Budget ausgekommen.
We managed with the small budget.
das kleine Budget means the small budget, and klein means small. Mit dem kleinen Budget is dative because mit governs the dative; the perfect uses sind and the Partizip II ausgekommen at the end.
Er kam ohne Auto aus.
He managed without a car.
ohne Auto means without a car. Ohne takes the accusative, although the unmarked noun Auto does not show it here; kam is the past form and aus is separated.
Komm heute ohne Hilfe aus!
Manage without help today!
heute means today, and ohne Hilfe means without help. Ohne governs the accusative, while the informal imperative starts with komm and places the prefix aus at the end.
Ich würde auch ohne Auto auskommen.
I would manage even without a car.
auch means also or even, and ohne Auto means without a car. Ohne takes the accusative; after würde, the complete infinitive auskommen stands at the end and is not split.
Ihr werdet mit diesem Geld auskommen.
You will manage with this money.
dieses Geld means this money, and werden forms the future. Mit diesem Geld is dative because mit requires it; werdet is in position two and auskommen goes to the end.
Ich komme mit meiner neuen Kollegin gut aus.
I get along well with my new colleague.
meine neue Kollegin means my new female colleague, and gut means well. Mit meiner neuen Kollegin is dative because mit governs the dative; komme is in position two and aus closes the main clause.
Die beiden sind nie miteinander ausgekommen.
The two of them never got along.
die beiden means the two of them, nie means never, and miteinander means with each other. The perfect uses sind ... ausgekommen because this verb takes sein here; miteinander expresses the people involved without an extra object case.
ausschließen — to exclude, leave out; to rule out, eliminate as a possibility
The direct object is accusative: jemanden or etwas ausschließen. In the sense of ruling out, it often means deciding that a possibility cannot happen; the perfect is hat ausgeschlossen.
Der Verein schließt neue Mitglieder nicht aus.
The club does not exclude new members.
der Verein means the club and neue Mitglieder means new members. neue Mitglieder is accusative because ausschließen takes a direct object; the finite verb schließt is in position two and aus goes to the end.
Die Schule hat ihn vom Wettbewerb ausgeschlossen.
The school excluded him from the competition.
die Schule means the school, ihn means him, and der Wettbewerb is the competition. ihn is accusative as the direct object, while vom Wettbewerb means from the competition; the Partizip II stands at the end.
Der Trainer schloss einen Spieler aus.
The coach excluded one player.
der Trainer means the coach and ein Spieler means one player. einen Spieler is accusative because it is the direct object; schloss is the strong past form and aus is separated.
Schließ niemanden aus!
Do not exclude anyone!
niemanden means nobody or anyone in a negative command. It is accusative because it is the object; the informal command omits du, and aus goes to the end.
Wenn wir ihn ausschließen würden, wäre das unfair.
If we excluded him, that would be unfair.
ihn means him and unfair means unfair. The object is accusative, and in the wenn clause the infinitive ausschließen remains together at the end.
Wir werden diese Option ausschließen.
We will rule out this option.
diese Option means this option. It is accusative as the direct object; werden stands in position two and the infinitive ausschließen goes to the end.
Der Arzt schließt eine Krankheit aus.
The doctor rules out an illness.
der Arzt means the doctor and eine Krankheit means an illness. eine Krankheit is accusative because it is the direct object; schließt comes in position two and aus goes to the end.
Die Untersuchung hat einen technischen Fehler ausgeschlossen.
The investigation ruled out a technical error.
die Untersuchung means the investigation and ein technischer Fehler means a technical error. The object is accusative, and the perfect uses haben with ausgeschlossen at the end.
beaufsichtigen — to supervise, watch over
beaufsichtigen takes an accusative object and is used for supervising people, children, exams or activities. It is not separable: keep be- attached in every form.
Die Lehrerin beaufsichtigt die Kinder auf dem Spielplatz.
The teacher supervises the children on the playground.
die Lehrerin means teacher, die Kinder means children, and der Spielplatz means playground. die Kinder is accusative because beaufsichtigen takes a direct object; the finite verb beaufsichtigt stands in position two.
Der Lehrer hat die Prüfung beaufsichtigt.
The teacher supervised the exam.
der Lehrer means teacher and die Prüfung means exam. die Prüfung is accusative as the object; hat stands in position two and beaufsichtigt goes to the end, with haben as the auxiliary.
Die Betreuerin beaufsichtigte die Gruppe den ganzen Tag.
The supervisor watched the group all day.
die Betreuerin means female supervisor, die Gruppe means group, and den ganzen Tag means all day. die Gruppe is accusative, and the weak past form beaufsichtigte stands in position two.
Beaufsichtige bitte die Kinder.
Please supervise the children.
bitte means please and die Kinder means the children. The imperative beaufsichtige addresses du, which is omitted; the object remains accusative, and the prefix is not separated.
Ich beaufsichtigte die Kinder, wenn die Eltern nicht da wären.
I would supervise the children if the parents were not there.
wenn means if, die Eltern means the parents, and nicht da means not there. The Konjunktiv II expresses an unreal condition; die Kinder is accusative, while the verb goes to the end after wenn.
Morgen wird die Betreuerin die Kinder beaufsichtigen.
Tomorrow the supervisor will supervise the children.
morgen means tomorrow, die Betreuerin means supervisor, and die Kinder means children. wird stands in position two and the infinitive beaufsichtigen goes to the end; die Kinder is the accusative object.
beeinflussen — to influence
Beeinflussen takes an accusative object: jemanden or etwas beeinflussen. It is not reflexive when something affects someone; use sich beeinflussen only when the meaning is ‘influence each other’.
Soziale Medien beeinflussen unsere Meinung.
Social media influence our opinion.
soziale Medien means social media and unsere Meinung means our opinion. Unsere Meinung is accusative because beeinflussen takes a direct object, and the finite verb beeinflussen stands in position two.
Die Werbung hat meine Kaufentscheidung beeinflusst.
The advertising influenced my purchase decision.
die Werbung is advertising and meine Kaufentscheidung is my purchase decision. Meine Kaufentscheidung is accusative because it is the object; hat is in position two and beeinflusst goes to the end in the perfect.
Der Lehrer beeinflusste die Schüler positiv.
The teacher influenced the pupils positively.
der Lehrer is the teacher, die Schüler are the pupils, and positiv means positively. Die Schüler is accusative because beeinflussen takes an accusative object, while beeinflusste is the regular simple-past form in position two.
Beeinflusst nicht die Entscheidung der Jury!
Do not influence the jury’s decision!
nicht means not, die Entscheidung is the decision, and die Jury is the jury. The imperative addresses one person informally; die Entscheidung is accusative, and der Jury is genitive because it identifies whose decision it is.
Das Wetter könnte den Flugplan beeinflussen.
The weather could influence the flight schedule.
das Wetter is the weather and der Flugplan is the flight schedule. Könnte expresses possibility, so the infinitive beeinflussen goes to the end; den Flugplan is accusative as the direct object.
Diese Nachricht wird die öffentliche Meinung beeinflussen.
This news will influence public opinion.
diese Nachricht means this news and die öffentliche Meinung means public opinion. Wird marks the future in position two, while beeinflussen goes to the end; die öffentliche Meinung is accusative.
die Begabung — talent; ability
Die Begabung is a natural ability, while die Fähigkeit can also refer to a learned or developed skill. The noun is often used with für plus an accusative activity or subject.
Ihre Begabung für Sprachen ist beeindruckend.
Her talent for languages is impressive.
Ihre means her, Sprachen means languages, and beeindruckend means impressive. Begabung is nominative because it is the subject; für takes the accusative here, and ist stands in position two.
Der Lehrer erkennt die Begabung des Kindes.
The teacher recognises the child’s talent.
Lehrer means teacher, erkennt means recognises, and des Kindes means of the child. Die Begabung is accusative because erkennen takes a direct object, while des Kindes is genitive to show possession.
Sie gibt ihrer Begabung mehr Raum.
She gives her talent more space.
gibt ... Raum means gives ... space, and mehr means more. Ihrer Begabung is dative because geben assigns the recipient or beneficiary dative, while Raum is the accusative thing given.
Die Entwicklung der Begabung braucht Zeit.
The development of the talent takes time.
Entwicklung means development, and braucht Zeit means takes time. Der Begabung is genitive because it identifies whose development is meant; the singular subject Entwicklung controls braucht.
Kinder haben oft verschiedene Begabungen.
Children often have different talents.
Kinder means children, oft means often, and verschiedene means different. Begabungen is plural and accusative because haben takes a direct object; the plural article is omitted after verschiedene.
das Benehmen — behaviour, conduct
das Benehmen is usually a mass noun, so it normally has no plural. It often appears with adjectives such as gutes or schlechtes to describe whether someone behaves well or badly.
Sein Benehmen war sehr höflich.
His behaviour was very polite.
sein means “his,” and höflich means “polite.” Benehmen is nominative because it is the subject; the finite verb war stands in position two.
Ich verstehe dieses Benehmen nicht.
I do not understand this behaviour.
verstehe means “understand,” dieses means “this,” and nicht means “not.” Benehmen is accusative because it is the direct object of verstehen, while the finite verb verstehe is in position two.
Mit seinem Benehmen macht er alle nervös.
His behaviour makes everyone nervous.
mit means “with,” seinem means “his,” macht means “makes,” and nervös means “nervous.” Benehmen is dative because the preposition mit always takes the dative; the finite verb macht is in position two.
Wegen seines Benehmens musste er gehen.
Because of his behaviour, he had to leave.
wegen means “because of,” seines means “his,” musste means “had to,” and gehen means “leave.” Benehmens is genitive because wegen traditionally governs the genitive; musste is in position two and gehen goes to the end with the modal verb.
beschützen — to protect; to shield, protect from
beschützen takes an accusative object for the person or thing being protected. It normally takes haben in the perfect: hat beschützt.
Eltern beschützen ihre Kinder.
Parents protect their children.
Eltern means parents and ihre Kinder means their children. ihre Kinder is accusative because beschützen takes a direct object, and the finite verb beschützen is in position two.
Die Eltern haben ihre Kinder beschützt.
The parents have protected their children.
Die Eltern means the parents, and ihre Kinder means their children. The perfect uses haben plus beschützt; the auxiliary is in position two and the Partizip II goes to the end.
Der Hund beschützte das kleine Mädchen.
The dog protected the little girl.
Der Hund means the dog and das kleine Mädchen means the little girl. das kleine Mädchen is accusative as the direct object, and the regular past form beschützte is the finite verb in position two.
Beschütze deinen Bruder!
Protect your brother!
deinen Bruder means your brother. The imperative omits du, starts the sentence, and takes the accusative object deinen Bruder; the exclamation mark is punctuation, not part of the verb form.
Ich würde meine Familie beschützen.
I would protect my family.
meine Familie means my family. würde carries the conditional meaning while the infinitive beschützen stands at the end; the object is accusative because the verb takes a direct object.
Wir werden die Tiere beschützen.
We will protect the animals.
die Tiere means the animals. Future tense uses werden in position two and the infinitive beschützen at the end; die Tiere is the accusative object.
Sie beschützt das Kind vor dem Regen.
She protects the child from the rain.
das Kind means the child and der Regen means the rain. das Kind is accusative as the object of beschützen, while vor takes the dative here because it expresses protection from a danger.
Der Mantel beschützt ihn vor der Kälte.
The coat protects him from the cold.
der Mantel means the coat, ihn means him, and die Kälte means the cold. ihn is accusative as the person protected, while vor der Kälte is a dative phrase because vor governs the dative in this use.
der Beste — the best man; the best person
This is the masculine substantivized form of the adjective gut, meaning the best male person or the best person in a group. It is not the same as the neuter das Beste, which means the best thing.
Der Beste gewinnt den Wettbewerb.
The best person wins the competition.
gewinnt means wins, and der Wettbewerb means the competition. Der Beste is nominative because it is the subject; the adjective is capitalized because it is used as a noun.
Die Jury wählt den Besten.
The jury chooses the best person.
die Jury means the jury, and wählt means chooses. Den Besten is accusative because it is the direct object; the adjective ending changes from -e to -en after den.
Wir gratulieren dem Besten.
We congratulate the best person.
gratulieren means congratulate. Dem Besten is dative because gratulieren takes the dative, and the substantivized adjective has the ending -en.
Die Leistung des Besten war beeindruckend.
The best person's performance was impressive.
die Leistung means the performance, and beeindruckend means impressive. Des Besten is genitive because it shows whose performance it was; the correct ending is -en, not -es.
Die Besten trainieren jeden Tag.
The best people train every day.
trainieren means train, and jeden Tag means every day. Die Besten is plural and refers to the best people; substantivized adjectives are capitalized and take the plural ending -en.
betreuen — to look after, supervise, support
Betreuen is a regular weak verb: betreuen – betreute – hat betreut. It usually takes an accusative person or group as its object and often refers to professional care, support, or supervision.
Sie betreut die Kinder am Nachmittag.
She looks after the children in the afternoon.
die Kinder means “the children”, and am Nachmittag means “in the afternoon”. Die Kinder is accusative because betreuen takes an accusative object, and betreut stands in position two.
Er hat die neuen Mitarbeiter betreut.
He supervised the new employees.
die neuen Mitarbeiter means “the new employees”. The perfect uses hat and betreut, with the Partizip II at the end; the employees are accusative because they receive the supervision.
Frau Keller betreute die Gruppe ein Jahr lang.
Ms Keller supervised the group for a year.
die Gruppe means “the group”, and ein Jahr lang means “for a year”. Betreute is the regular simple past form in position two, while die Gruppe is the accusative object.
Betreu die Gäste bitte freundlich!
Please look after the guests in a friendly way!
die Gäste means “the guests”, and bitte freundlich means “please, in a friendly way”. Betreu is the singular imperative, and die Gäste is accusative after betreuen.
Ich würde die Praktikantin gern betreuen.
I would be happy to supervise the intern.
die Praktikantin means “the female intern”, and gern means “gladly”. The infinitive betreuen stands at the end after würde, and die Praktikantin is accusative.
Ein erfahrener Lehrer wird die Klasse betreuen.
An experienced teacher will supervise the class.
ein erfahrener Lehrer means “an experienced teacher”, and die Klasse means “the class”. Future tense puts wird in position two and betreuen at the end; die Klasse is accusative.
der Bewohner — resident, inhabitant
Bewohner is formed from bewohnen, to inhabit, and refers to someone who lives in a place. Its plural is identical in form to the singular, but the articles and verb show the number.
Der Bewohner öffnet die Tür.
The resident opens the door.
öffnet means opens, and die Tür means the door. der Bewohner is nominative because it is the subject; the finite verb öffnet stands in position two.
Die Polizei befragt den Bewohner.
The police question the resident.
die Polizei means the police, and befragt means questions. den Bewohner is accusative because befragen takes a direct object; this masculine noun keeps the ending -er here, so it is not a weak noun.
Die Nachbarin hilft dem Bewohner.
The female neighbour helps the resident.
die Nachbarin means the female neighbour, and hilft means helps. dem Bewohner is dative because helfen always takes a dative object; unlike a weak noun such as der Junge, Bewohner does not add -n.
Die Wohnung des Bewohners ist hell.
The resident's flat is bright.
die Wohnung means the flat or apartment, and hell means bright. des Bewohners is genitive because it shows whose flat is meant; the noun adds -s in the genitive singular.
Die Bewohner warten vor dem Gebäude.
The residents are waiting in front of the building.
warten means wait, vor dem Gebäude means in front of the building. Bewohner is plural here because it has the plural article die; vor takes dative for a fixed location, so dem Gebäude is dative.
der Bräutigam — bridegroom, groom
Bräutigam is the usual German word for a man at his wedding or a man who is engaged to be married. The female equivalent is Braut, meaning bride.
Der Bräutigam wartet vor der Kirche.
The bridegroom is waiting in front of the church.
wartet means is waiting, and vor der Kirche means in front of the church. Der Bräutigam is nominative because it is the subject, and the finite verb wartet stands in position two.
Die Gäste begrüßen den Bräutigam herzlich.
The guests warmly welcome the bridegroom.
Die Gäste means the guests, begrüßen means welcome, and herzlich means warmly. Den Bräutigam is accusative because begrüßen takes a direct object; the masculine article changes from der to den.
Die Fotografin spricht mit dem Bräutigam.
The photographer speaks with the bridegroom.
Die Fotografin means the female photographer, and spricht means speaks. Mit always takes the dative, so dem Bräutigam is dative; unlike a weak noun, Bräutigam does not add -n here.
Das Lächeln des Bräutigams ist nervös.
The bridegroom’s smile is nervous.
Das Lächeln means the smile, and nervös means nervous. Des Bräutigams is genitive because it shows possession, and the noun takes -s in the genitive singular.
Die Bräutigame tragen dunkle Anzüge.
The bridegrooms are wearing dark suits.
tragen means are wearing, and dunkle Anzüge means dark suits. Die Bräutigame is nominative plural because it is the subject; the plural adds -e.
der Charakter — character, personality; character, role in a story
Charakter can mean a person’s personality, but it can also mean a character in a story or film. Its plural is Charaktere, whereas Charakters is only the genitive singular.
Der Charakter eines Menschen zeigt sich in schwierigen Situationen.
A person’s character shows itself in difficult situations.
der Mensch is a person, and schwierige Situationen are difficult situations. Der Charakter is nominative because it is the subject; eines Menschen is genitive to mean “of a person”, and zeigt is in position two.
Ich bewundere seinen Charakter.
I admire his character.
bewundere means admire, and seinen means his. Seinen Charakter is accusative because bewundern takes a direct object; the masculine accusative ending appears on seinen.
Mit seinem Charakter kommt er gut zurecht.
He copes well with his character.
mit means with, gut zurechtkommen means cope well, and er means he. Seinem Charakter is dative because mit always governs the dative; kommt is in position two and zurecht is separated from the verb.
Die Entwicklung des Charakters ist interessant.
The development of the character is interesting.
die Entwicklung means development, and interessant means interesting. Des Charakters is genitive to show whose development it is, and the masculine noun adds -s after des.
Die Charaktere in dem Roman sind sehr verschieden.
The characters in the novel are very different.
der Roman is the novel, and verschieden means different. Die Charaktere is plural with -e; in dem Roman means in the novel and is a dative location phrase.
In diesem Film gibt es zwei starke Charaktere.
There are two strong characters in this film.
diesem Film means this film, and starke means strong. Es gibt always takes an accusative object, so zwei starke Charaktere is accusative plural; the phrase in diesem Film uses dative for location.
Dieser Charakter ist meine Lieblingsfigur.
This character is my favourite figure.
dieser means this, Lieblingsfigur means favourite character, and Figur is a figure or role in a story. Dieser Charakter is nominative as the subject, and ist stands in position two.
Die Schauspielerin spielt einen schwierigen Charakter.
The actress plays a difficult character.
die Schauspielerin is the actress, spielt means plays, and schwierig means difficult. Einen schwierigen Charakter is accusative because spielen takes the role as a direct object; the adjective gets -en after einen.
drängen — to push, press forward; to crowd; to pressure, urge
For people pushing forward, drängen is often used with sich: sich drängen. It can also be intransitive with a destination such as zur Tür; the preposition zu always takes the dative.
Die Menschen drängen zur Tür.
The people are pressing towards the door.
die Menschen means the people, and zur Tür means towards the door. drängen is in position two as the finite verb; zur is zu der, and zu takes the dative.
Die Menschen haben zur Tür gedrängt.
The people pressed towards the door.
die Menschen means the people and zur Tür means towards the door. The perfect uses haben plus gedrängt at the end; zur Tür is dative after zu.
Die Menschen drängten zur Tür.
The people pressed towards the door.
die Menschen means the people, and zur Tür means towards the door. drängten is the regular simple-past form in position two; zur is short for zu der, so Tür is dative.
Dräng nicht zur Tür!
Do not push towards the door!
nicht means not, and zur Tür means towards the door. Dräng is the du imperative and comes first; the preposition zu requires the dative in zur Tür.
Ich würde mich nicht drängen.
I would not push my way forward.
mich means myself, and nicht means not. würde ... drängen expresses a hypothetical action, while mich is accusative because the reflexive form sich drängen uses an accusative reflexive pronoun.
Die Menge wird zur Tür drängen.
The crowd will press towards the door.
die Menge means the crowd, and zur Tür means towards the door. wird is in position two and the infinitive drängen goes to the end; zu forces the dative.
Sie drängt ihn zu einer Entscheidung.
She is pressuring him to make a decision.
ihn means him, and zu einer Entscheidung means to make a decision. ihn is accusative as the person being pressured, while zu takes the dative in zu einer Entscheidung.
Bitte dräng mich nicht zu einer schnellen Antwort.
Please do not pressure me into giving a quick answer.
bitte means please, mich means me, and eine schnelle Antwort means a quick answer. mich is accusative as the person being pressured, and zu takes the dative in zu einer schnellen Antwort; the imperative verb dräng comes first.
eingebildet — conceited, self-important; imaginary, imagined
This adjective usually describes a negative attitude and is stronger than simply being confident. Do not confuse eingebildet meaning conceited with the related participle meaning imagined or made up.
Er ist ziemlich eingebildet.
He is rather conceited.
ziemlich means rather or quite. The adjective eingebildet comes after sein and is therefore predicative, so it has no ending; the finite verb ist is in position two.
Sie kennt einen eingebildeten Schauspieler.
She knows a conceited actor.
einen Schauspieler means an actor, and kennt means knows. The noun phrase is accusative because kennen takes an accusative object, and eingebildeten has an adjective ending after einen.
Tom ist eingebildeter als sein Bruder.
Tom is more conceited than his brother.
sein Bruder means his brother. Eingebildeter is the comparative form, and als introduces the person used for comparison; after sein, the adjective has no ending.
Von allen Kollegen ist Anna am eingebildetsten.
Of all the colleagues, Anna is the most conceited.
von allen Kollegen means of all the colleagues, and Kollegen is plural. Von requires the dative, while am eingebildetsten is the predicative superlative after ist.
Der Arzt sagt, die Schmerzen seien eingebildet.
The doctor says that the pain is imaginary.
der Arzt means the doctor, Schmerzen means pain, and seien means are in reported speech. Eingebildet is predicative after sein and has no ending; the subjunctive form seien marks indirect speech.
Er bildet sich die Angst nicht nur ein.
He is not merely imagining the fear.
Angst means fear, and nicht nur means not only. The verb sich einbilden is separable, so bildet stands in position two and ein goes to the end; die Angst is accusative.
entgegenkommen — to come towards, to meet; to accommodate, to meet someone halfway
The person met or approached is in the dative: jemandem entgegenkommen. The verb is separable in a main clause, but the infinitive and Partizip II stay together; entgegenkommen can also mean to accommodate someone in a figurative sense.
Der Busfahrer kommt den Kindern entgegen.
The bus driver comes towards the children.
der Busfahrer means the bus driver, and den Kindern means the children. den Kindern is dative because entgegenkommen takes the person approached in the dative; the finite part kommt is in position two and entgegen goes to the end.
Der Busfahrer ist den Kindern entgegengekommen.
The bus driver came towards the children.
ist means is here as the perfect auxiliary, and den Kindern means the children. Movement takes sein, while the Partizip II entgegengekommen goes to the end; den Kindern remains dative.
Der Busfahrer kam den Kindern entgegen.
The bus driver came towards the children.
der Busfahrer means the bus driver, kam means came, and den Kindern means the children. In the simple past, kam is the finite part in position two and the separable part entgegen goes to the end; the approached people are dative.
Komm den Kindern entgegen!
Come towards the children!
den Kindern means the children, and the command tells someone to come towards them. The subject du is omitted, and the separable part entgegen stays at the end.
Ich würde den Kindern entgegenkommen.
I would come towards the children.
ich means I, würde means would, and den Kindern means the children. The conditional uses würde plus the infinitive entgegenkommen at the end, and the people approached are dative.
Der Bus wird den Kindern entgegenkommen.
The bus will come towards the children.
der Bus means the bus, wird means will, and den Kindern means the children. In the future, wird is in position two and the complete infinitive entgegenkommen goes to the end; the dative marks the people approached.
Der Verkäufer kommt uns beim Preis entgegen.
The seller meets us halfway on the price.
der Verkäufer means the seller, uns means us, and beim Preis means regarding the price. uns is dative because the person receiving the concession is dative, while bei takes the dative; the verb splits around entgegen.
Die Firma ist uns bei der Rückgabe entgegengekommen.
The company accommodated us regarding the return.
die Firma means the company, Rückgabe means return, and ist ... entgegengekommen means accommodated or made a concession. uns is dative, bei der Rückgabe is also dative after bei, and the Partizip II goes to the end with sein.
der Erbe — male heir, inheritor
This masculine noun means a male heir or inheritor. der Erbe is a weak masculine noun, so it takes -n in the accusative, dative, and genitive singular as well as in the plural.
Der Erbe wohnt in Berlin.
The heir lives in Berlin.
wohnt means lives, and in Berlin gives the place. Der Erbe is nominative because he is the subject; the finite verb wohnt stands in position two.
Das Gericht ruft den Erben.
The court summons the heir.
das Gericht means the court, and ruft means calls or summons. den Erben is accusative because it is the object of ruft; the weak masculine noun adds -n outside the nominative singular.
Wir helfen dem Erben bei den Formalitäten.
We help the heir with the formalities.
helfen means to help, and die Formalitäten means the formalities or required procedures. helfen takes a dative person, so the form is dem Erben; the weak noun again has -n.
Das Testament des Erben ist nicht auffindbar.
The heir's will cannot be found.
das Testament means the will, and nicht auffindbar means cannot be found. des Erben is genitive and means “of the heir”; Erben has -n because this is a weak masculine noun.
Die Erben teilen das Haus.
The heirs divide the house.
teilen means divide or share, and das Haus means the house. Erben is plural nominative as the subject, while das Haus is accusative as the object of teilen.
der Europäische — European man, European person
This is a substantivized adjective, so it is written with a capital letter and keeps adjective endings. It is a weak masculine noun: outside the nominative singular, use forms such as den Europäischen and des Europäischen.
Der Europäische arbeitet in Berlin.
The European works in Berlin.
arbeitet means works, and in Berlin means in Berlin. Der Europäische is nominative because he is the subject; the finite verb arbeitet is in position two.
Ich sehe den Europäischen jeden Tag.
I see the European every day.
sehe means see, and jeden Tag means every day. Den Europäischen is accusative because sehen takes a direct object; the masculine article changes from der to den.
Ich helfe dem Europäischen bei der Anmeldung.
I help the European with the registration.
helfe means help, bei means with, and die Anmeldung is the registration. Dem Europäischen is dative because helfen requires a dative object; bei der Anmeldung also uses the dative after bei.
Das ist das Auto des Europäischen.
That is the European's car.
das Auto means the car, and Das ist means that is. Des Europäischen expresses possession in the genitive; the substantivized adjective takes -en after des.
Die Europäischen sprechen mehrere Sprachen.
The Europeans speak several languages.
sprechen means speak, and mehrere Sprachen means several languages. Die Europäischen is the plural subject, and substantivized adjectives take -en in this form.
die Europäische — European woman, European person
This is a substantivized adjective, so it is written with a capital letter and keeps adjective endings. The feminine form is die Europäische, but the plural is the same as for the masculine form: die Europäischen.
Die Europäische arbeitet in Berlin.
The European woman works in Berlin.
arbeitet means works, and in Berlin means in Berlin. Die Europäische is nominative because she is the subject; the finite verb arbeitet stands in position two.
Ich sehe die Europäische jeden Tag.
I see the European woman every day.
sehe means see, and jeden Tag means every day. Die Europäische is accusative because sehen takes a direct object; the feminine article stays die in the accusative.
Ich helfe der Europäischen bei der Anmeldung.
I help the European woman with the registration.
helfe means help, bei means with, and die Anmeldung is the registration. Der Europäischen is dative because helfen requires a dative object; bei der Anmeldung also uses the dative after bei.
Das ist das Auto der Europäischen.
That is the European woman's car.
das Auto means the car, and Das ist means that is. Der Europäischen expresses possession in the genitive; the feminine genitive article is der, while the adjective form still ends in -en.
Die Europäischen sprechen mehrere Sprachen.
The European women speak several languages.
sprechen means speak, and mehrere Sprachen means several languages. Die Europäischen is the plural subject, and substantivized adjectives take -en in this form.
der Fachmann — expert, specialist
The usual plural is Fachleute, not Fachmänner, when referring to experts. The feminine form is die Fachfrau, with plural die Fachfrauen.
Der Fachmann repariert die Waschmaschine.
The expert is repairing the washing machine.
repariert means is repairing, and die Waschmaschine is the washing machine. Der Fachmann is nominative because he is the subject doing the action; the finite verb repariert stands in position two.
Ich rufe den Fachmann morgen an.
I will call the expert tomorrow.
rufe ... an means call, and morgen means tomorrow. Den Fachmann is accusative because anrufen takes a direct object; the finite part rufe is in position two and the prefix an goes to the end.
Wir danken dem Fachmann für seine Hilfe.
We thank the expert for his help.
danken means thank, and seine Hilfe means his help. Dem Fachmann is dative because danken always takes a dative person; für seine Hilfe is an additional phrase with für plus accusative.
Die Einschätzung des Fachmanns war sehr genau.
The expert's assessment was very precise.
die Einschätzung is the assessment, and sehr genau means very precise. Des Fachmanns is genitive to show possession, and the noun adds -s; the finite verb war stands in position two.
Auf der Messe treffen sich viele Fachleute.
Many experts meet at the trade fair.
die Messe is the trade fair, and viele means many. Fachleute is the irregular plural of Fachmann; auf der Messe is dative because it describes a location, while viele Fachleute is the nominative subject.
der Freundeskreis — circle of friends, social circle
Freundeskreis is a compound made from Freunde and Kreis, meaning circle. Its plural is Freundeskreise, not Freundeskreisen unless a dative plural ending is required by the sentence.
Mein Freundeskreis ist ziemlich klein.
My circle of friends is quite small.
ziemlich means quite or rather, and klein means small. Mein Freundeskreis is nominative because it is the subject, and ist stands in position two.
Ich erweitere meinen Freundeskreis.
I am expanding my circle of friends.
erweitern means to expand, and meinen marks masculine accusative. Meinen Freundeskreis is accusative because it is the direct object of erweitere.
In meinem Freundeskreis gibt es viele Musiker.
There are many musicians in my circle of friends.
in means in, gibt es means there are, and viele Musiker means many musicians. Meinem Freundeskreis is dative because in describes a location here; gibt stands in position two.
Die Meinung meines Freundeskreises ist mir wichtig.
My circle of friends' opinion is important to me.
die Meinung means the opinion, wichtig means important, and mir means to me. Meines Freundeskreises is genitive because it shows whose opinion it is; mir is dative with the adjective phrase wichtig sein.
In der Stadt gibt es verschiedene Freundeskreise.
There are different circles of friends in the city.
die Stadt means the city, and verschiedene means different. Freundeskreise is the plural, while in der Stadt is dative because it describes a fixed location.
Sie trifft sich oft mit ihrem Freundeskreis.
She often meets up with her circle of friends.
trifft sich means meets up, oft means often, and ihrem means her in the dative. Mit ihrem Freundeskreis is dative because mit always takes the dative.
freundschaftlich — friendly, amicable, relating to friendship
freundschaftlich is more specific than freundlich: it describes an amicable relationship or manner, especially between groups, countries or people who are not necessarily close friends. For ordinary polite behaviour, use freundlich.
Die beiden Länder haben freundschaftliche Beziehungen.
The two countries have friendly relations.
die beiden Länder means the two countries, and Beziehungen means relations. freundschaftliche Beziehungen is an accusative object after haben; the plural adjective takes -e after the zero article.
Ihre Beziehung ist sehr freundschaftlich.
Their relationship is very amicable.
ihre Beziehung means their relationship, and sehr means very. The adjective follows sein in the predicative position, so freundschaftlich has no ending.
Nach dem Gespräch war die Stimmung freundschaftlicher.
After the conversation, the atmosphere was more amicable.
nach dem Gespräch means after the conversation, and die Stimmung means the atmosphere. nach takes the dative; freundschaftlicher is the comparative and follows war as a predicative adjective.
Von den drei Treffen war das letzte am freundschaftlichsten.
Of the three meetings, the last one was the most amicable.
von den drei Treffen means of the three meetings, and das letzte means the last one. von takes the dative, while am freundschaftlichsten is the superlative used after war.
der Führer — guide, leader; the Führer, Adolf Hitler as historical title
In everyday contexts, der Führer usually means a guide or leader. Because of its strong association with Adolf Hitler, use Reiseführer for a travel guide and Anführer or Leiter when you need to be especially clear about a leader.
Der Führer wartet vor dem Museum.
The guide is waiting in front of the museum.
warten means to wait and vor dem Museum means in front of the museum. Der Führer is nominative because he is the subject; wartet is in position two, and vor takes the dative here because the location is fixed.
Ich sehe den Führer vor dem Museum.
I see the guide in front of the museum.
sehen means to see and vor dem Museum means in front of the museum. Den Führer is accusative because sehen takes a direct object; the location phrase uses dative after vor because it answers where, not where to.
Ich folge dem Führer durch den Wald.
I follow the guide through the forest.
folgen means to follow and der Wald means the forest. Folgen requires a dative object, so dem Führer is dative; durch den Wald is accusative because durch always governs the accusative.
Die Karte des Führers ist sehr alt.
The guide’s map is very old.
die Karte means the map and sehr alt means very old. Des Führers is genitive and shows whose map it is; the possessive phrase comes before the subject verb ist.
Die Führer warten am Eingang.
The guides are waiting at the entrance.
warten means to wait and der Eingang means the entrance. Die Führer is the plural subject in the nominative; the noun has no plural ending, but the plural verb warten makes the number clear.
In diesem Buch wird der Führer häufig erwähnt.
The Führer is mentioned frequently in this book.
dieses Buch means this book, häufig means frequently, and erwähnen means to mention. In the passive, der Führer is the nominative subject of wird erwähnt; the finite verb is in position two and the participle is at the end.
Viele Menschen mussten dem Führer gehorchen.
Many people had to obey the Führer.
viele Menschen means many people, mussten means had to, and gehorchen means to obey. Gehorchen takes the dative, so dem Führer is dative; with the modal verb, gehorchen remains an infinitive at the end.
die Führerin — female guide, female leader; female leader
Die Führerin is the feminine form of der Führer and can mean a female guide or leader. The plural is Führerinnen, with -innen; use the context to decide whether the person guides visitors or leads a group.
Die Führerin zeigt uns den Weg.
The guide shows us the way.
zeigen means to show and der Weg means the way or route. Die Führerin is nominative because she is the subject; uns is dative as the people shown something, and den Weg is accusative.
Ich sehe die Führerin am Eingang.
I see the guide at the entrance.
sehen means to see and der Eingang means the entrance. Die Führerin has the same visible form in the nominative and accusative, but it is accusative here because sehen takes a direct object.
Ich folge der Führerin in den Saal.
I follow the guide into the hall.
folgen means to follow and der Saal means the hall. Folgen requires the dative, so der Führerin is dative; in den Saal is accusative because it expresses movement into the hall.
Die Stimme der Führerin ist sehr ruhig.
The guide’s voice is very calm.
die Stimme means the voice and ruhig means calm. Der Führerin is genitive and shows whose voice it is; feminine nouns do not add an ending in the genitive.
Die Führerinnen erklären den Plan.
The female guides explain the plan.
erklären means to explain and der Plan means the plan. Die Führerinnen is the plural nominative subject, while den Plan is accusative because it is the thing explained.
Die Führerin der Partei spricht heute im Parlament.
The party leader is speaking in parliament today.
die Partei means the political party, sprechen means to speak, and das Parlament means parliament. Der Partei is genitive after die Führerin and identifies which leader is meant; spricht is in position two, while im Parlament is a fixed-location phrase.
Viele Menschen vertrauen der Führerin.
Many people trust the female leader.
viele Menschen means many people and vertrauen means to trust. Vertrauen takes the dative, so der Führerin is dative; vertrauen is in position two after the subject phrase.
das Gedränge — crowd, crush
This noun describes a tightly packed crowd or the pressure of many people close together. It is normally a mass noun, so learners should not form a plural; use expressions such as viel Gedränge or dichtes Gedränge.
Das Gedränge vor dem Eingang war groß.
The crush in front of the entrance was intense.
der Eingang means the entrance, and groß means intense or great. Das Gedränge is nominative because it is the subject, and the finite verb war stands in position two.
Ich hasse das Gedränge in der U-Bahn.
I hate the crowds on the underground.
hassen means to hate, die U-Bahn is the underground train, and in means in. Das Gedränge is accusative because hassen takes a direct object; the finite verb hasse is in position two.
Wir gehen dem Gedränge am Bahnhof aus dem Weg.
We avoid the crowds at the station.
aus dem Weg gehen means to avoid, der Bahnhof is the station, and am means at the. Dem Gedränge is dative because the expression jemandem oder etwas aus dem Weg gehen requires dative; gehen is separated from aus dem Weg at the end of the main clause.
Wegen des Gedränges kam sie zu spät.
Because of the crowds, she arrived late.
wegen means because of, zu spät means late, and kam means arrived or came. Des Gedränges is genitive because the preposition wegen commonly takes the genitive; the finite verb kam is in position two.
gegenseitig — mutual, reciprocal, each other's
Gegenseitig often describes an action that each person does to the other, as in sich gegenseitig helfen. It is usually translated as each other or mutual, depending on its position.
Vertrauen ist gegenseitig.
Trust is mutual.
Vertrauen means trust. Gegenseitig is predicative because it follows the linking verb ist and has no adjective ending; the finite verb ist is in position two.
Wir haben gegenseitiges Vertrauen.
We have mutual trust.
Vertrauen means trust, and haben means have. Gegenseitiges stands before the neuter accusative noun Vertrauen and takes the ending -es; the finite verb haben is in position two.
Die beiden zeigen gegenseitige Unterstützung.
The two show mutual support.
die beiden means the two of them, zeigen means show, and die Unterstützung is support. Gegenseitige modifies the feminine accusative object Unterstützung; the comparative idea is unusual here, so the positive form is normally preferred.
Sie arbeiten am gegenseitigsten.
They work in the most mutually supportive way.
arbeiten means work, and am ...-sten marks a superlative used adverbially. The finite verb arbeiten is in position two; this sentence is grammatically possible but uncommon, and learners normally use gegenseitig without comparison.
gemein — mean, nasty, unfair; common, ordinary
In everyday German, gemein usually means unkind or unfair, not the mathematical or English sense of “common”. The comparison is regular: gemein – gemeiner – am gemeinsten.
Das ist wirklich gemein.
That is really mean.
wirklich means really. gemein is predicative after sein, so it has no adjective ending; the finite verb ist stands in position two.
Er machte einen gemeinen Witz über mich.
He made a mean joke about me.
machte means made, einen Witz is a joke, and über mich means about me. einen gemeinen Witz is accusative because machen takes a direct object; the adjective has -en after einen.
Dieser Kommentar ist gemeiner als der vorige.
This comment is meaner than the previous one.
dieser Kommentar is this comment and der vorige means the previous one. gemeiner compares two things with als and is predicative, so it has no additional adjective ending.
Das war am gemeinsten von allen.
That was the meanest of all.
das war means that was and von allen means of all of them. am gemeinsten is the predicative superlative, while von takes the dative.
Der gemeine Mann hat wenig Einfluss.
The ordinary man has little influence.
der Mann is the man and wenig Einfluss means little influence. der gemeine Mann is nominative as the subject, so the adjective takes the ending -e after der.
Diese Pflanze ist in Europa gemein.
This plant is common in Europe.
diese Pflanze is this plant and in Europa means in Europe. gemein is predicative after ist, so it does not take an adjective ending.
die Gemeinsamkeit — common feature, thing in common
This noun describes something shared by people or things. It is often used with haben, as in eine Gemeinsamkeit haben, and should not be confused with Gemeinschaft, which means a community.
Die Gemeinsamkeit verbindet die beiden Freunde.
The thing they have in common connects the two friends.
verbindet means “connects,” and die beiden Freunde means “the two friends.” Die Gemeinsamkeit is nominative because it is the subject; the finite verb verbindet stands in position two.
Wir haben eine Gemeinsamkeit entdeckt.
We discovered something we have in common.
entdeckt means “discovered,” and etwas gemeinsam haben means “to have something in common.” Eine Gemeinsamkeit is accusative because haben takes an accusative object; haben is in position two and entdeckt goes to the end in the perfect tense.
Zwischen den Geschwistern gibt es viele Gemeinsamkeiten.
There are many things the siblings have in common.
zwischen means “between,” den Geschwistern means “the siblings,” and viele means “many.” Gemeinsamkeiten is plural after viele, while den Geschwistern is dative because zwischen describes a relationship here; gibt es means “there are.”
Wir sprechen über eine wichtige Gemeinsamkeit.
We are talking about an important thing we have in common.
sprechen über means “talk about,” and wichtig means “important.” Über eine wichtige Gemeinsamkeit is accusative because über takes the accusative when it introduces a topic; the finite verb sprechen stands in position two.
Die Bedeutung der Gemeinsamkeit ist noch unklar.
The importance of what they have in common is still unclear.
die Bedeutung means “the importance,” and unklar means “unclear.” Der Gemeinsamkeit is genitive because it specifies what the importance concerns; the finite verb ist stands in position two.
die Gemeinschaft — community, fellowship
Gemeinschaft focuses on belonging and connection within a group. It can describe a local community, a group with shared interests, or a close fellowship.
Die Gemeinschaft hilft neuen Mitgliedern.
The community helps new members.
hilft means “helps,” and neuen Mitgliedern means “new members.” Die Gemeinschaft is nominative because it is the subject, while neuen Mitgliedern is dative because helfen takes a dative person; the finite verb hilft is in position two.
Viele Menschen suchen eine Gemeinschaft.
Many people are looking for a community.
viele Menschen means “many people,” and suchen means “look for.” Eine Gemeinschaft is accusative because suchen takes an accusative object; the finite verb suchen stands in position two.
In modernen Gemeinschaften entstehen neue Ideen.
New ideas emerge in modern communities.
modern means “modern,” entstehen means “emerge,” and neue Ideen means “new ideas.” Modernen Gemeinschaften is plural, and the phrase is dative because in describes a location; the finite verb entstehen is in position two.
Er gehört zu einer Gemeinschaft.
He belongs to a community.
gehört zu means “belongs to,” and einer Gemeinschaft means “a community.” Zu always takes the dative, so einer Gemeinschaft is dative; the finite verb gehört stands in position two.
Die Regeln der Gemeinschaft sind klar.
The rules of the community are clear.
die Regeln means “the rules,” and klar means “clear.” Der Gemeinschaft is genitive because it identifies whose rules they are; the plural subject die Regeln requires sind, which stands in position two.
die Geschäftsfrau — businesswoman
This compound combines Geschäft (“business”) and Frau (“woman”). It refers broadly to a woman who owns, manages, or works in business, not only to the owner of a shop.
Die Geschäftsfrau leitet eine kleine Firma.
The businesswoman runs a small company.
leitet means “runs” or “manages,” and eine kleine Firma is “a small company.” Die Geschäftsfrau is nominative because she is the subject; the finite verb leitet stands in position two.
Ich treffe die Geschäftsfrau morgen.
I am meeting the businesswoman tomorrow.
treffe means “meet,” and morgen means “tomorrow.” Die Geschäftsfrau is accusative because treffen takes a direct object; the feminine accusative article remains die.
Ich helfe der Geschäftsfrau bei der Arbeit.
I am helping the businesswoman with the work.
helfe means “help,” and bei der Arbeit means “with the work.” Der Geschäftsfrau is dative because helfen requires a dative person; bei also always takes the dative.
Das Büro der Geschäftsfrau liegt im Zentrum.
The businesswoman’s office is in the city centre.
das Büro means “the office,” and liegt im Zentrum means “is located in the city centre.” Der Geschäftsfrau is genitive because it shows possession, meaning “of the businesswoman”; feminine nouns have no special genitive ending.
Viele Geschäftsfrauen arbeiten international.
Many businesswomen work internationally.
viele means “many,” and international means “internationally.” Geschäftsfrauen is the plural subject, so the verb is arbeiten; the plural ends in -en.
der Geschäftsführer — managing director, chief executive
Geschäftsführer is the usual title for the person responsible for managing a company or organisation. The feminine form is Geschäftsführerin; the plural Geschäftsführer can refer to men or to a mixed group.
Der Geschäftsführer unterschreibt den Vertrag.
The managing director signs the contract.
unterschreibt means “signs,” and der Vertrag is “the contract.” Der Geschäftsführer is nominative because he is the subject; den Vertrag is accusative because unterschreiben takes a direct object.
Die Firma sucht einen neuen Geschäftsführer.
The company is looking for a new managing director.
die Firma means “the company,” sucht means “is looking for,” and einen neuen means “a new.” Einen neuen Geschäftsführer is accusative because suchen takes a direct object; the masculine article and adjective show the case.
Ich vertraue dem Geschäftsführer.
I trust the managing director.
vertraue means “trust.” Dem Geschäftsführer is dative because vertrauen requires a dative person; the noun itself does not change in this case.
Die Entscheidung des Geschäftsführers überrascht alle.
The managing director’s decision surprises everyone.
die Entscheidung means “the decision,” and überrascht alle means “surprises everyone.” Des Geschäftsführers is genitive because it shows possession; this masculine noun adds -s in the genitive.
Die Geschäftsführer treffen sich heute in Berlin.
The managing directors are meeting in Berlin today.
treffen sich means “meet,” and heute in Berlin means “today in Berlin.” Die Geschäftsführer is the plural subject; the form is identical to the singular, so the plural article die and verb treffen are important clues.
die Geschäftsführerin — female managing director, female chief executive
Geschäftsführerin is the feminine form of Geschäftsführer. It is the usual title for a woman responsible for managing a company or organisation.
Die Geschäftsführerin leitet das Unternehmen.
The managing director runs the company.
leitet means “runs” or “manages,” and das Unternehmen means “the company.” Die Geschäftsführerin is nominative because she is the subject; the finite verb leitet stands in position two.
Wir treffen die Geschäftsführerin morgen.
We are meeting the managing director tomorrow.
treffen means “meet,” and morgen means “tomorrow.” Die Geschäftsführerin is accusative because treffen takes a direct object; the feminine accusative article remains die.
Die Mitarbeiter helfen der Geschäftsführerin.
The employees help the managing director.
die Mitarbeiter means “the employees,” and helfen means “help.” Der Geschäftsführerin is dative because helfen requires a dative person; the feminine noun has no special dative ending.
Das Büro der Geschäftsführerin ist im dritten Stock.
The managing director’s office is on the third floor.
das Büro means “the office,” and im dritten Stock means “on the third floor.” Der Geschäftsführerin is genitive because it shows possession, meaning “of the managing director”; feminine nouns do not add a genitive ending.
Viele Geschäftsführerinnen arbeiten in großen Firmen.
Many female managing directors work in large companies.
viele means “many,” großen Firmen means “large companies,” and arbeiten means “work.” Geschäftsführerinnen is the plural subject, and the adjective ending in großen follows the plural dative-free form after in here because it describes location-free plural companies as the workplace.
der Geschäftsmann — businessman
This word specifically means a man in business; die Geschäftsfrau is a businesswoman. In modern professional language, die Geschäftsleute or die Unternehmer may be more inclusive alternatives.
Der Geschäftsmann reist oft nach Asien.
The businessman often travels to Asia.
reist means travels, oft means often, and nach Asien means to Asia. Der Geschäftsmann is nominative because he is the subject; the finite verb reist is in position two.
Ich treffe den Geschäftsmann morgen im Büro.
I am meeting the businessman at the office tomorrow.
treffe means meet, morgen means tomorrow, and im Büro means at the office. Den Geschäftsmann is accusative because treffen takes a direct object; the masculine article changes from der to den.
Sie spricht mit dem Geschäftsmann über den Vertrag.
She is speaking with the businessman about the contract.
spricht means speaks, mit means with, and der Vertrag is the contract. Dem Geschäftsmann is dative because mit always governs the dative, while über den Vertrag has the accusative here.
Das Auto des Geschäftsmanns steht vor dem Hotel.
The businessman's car is in front of the hotel.
das Auto is the car, steht means is standing or is located, and vor dem Hotel means in front of the hotel. Des Geschäftsmanns is genitive because it shows possession; vor dem Hotel is dative because it describes a fixed location.
Viele Geschäftsmänner besuchen die Konferenz.
Many businessmen are attending the conference.
viele means many, besuchen means attend or visit, and die Konferenz is the conference. Geschäftsmänner is the plural subject and has the plural verb besuchen.
der Geschäftspartner — business partner
A Geschäftspartner can be an individual or a company with which someone does business. The plural has the same form as the singular, so look at the article or determiner.
Mein Geschäftspartner kommt aus Kanada.
My business partner comes from Canada.
mein means my, kommt means comes, and aus Kanada means from Canada. Mein Geschäftspartner is nominative because it is the subject; aus takes the dative, although the place name has no visible article here.
Wir suchen einen neuen Geschäftspartner.
We are looking for a new business partner.
suchen means look for, neu means new, and einen means a in the masculine accusative. Einen neuen Geschäftspartner is accusative because suchen takes a direct object; both the article and adjective show the case.
Ich telefoniere mit meinem Geschäftspartner.
I am speaking on the phone with my business partner.
telefoniere means speak on the phone, and meinem means my in the masculine dative. Mit meinem Geschäftspartner is dative because mit always governs the dative; the finite verb telefoniere is in position two.
Die E-Mail meines Geschäftspartners liegt auf dem Tisch.
My business partner's email is on the table.
die E-Mail is the email, liegt means is lying or is located, and auf dem Tisch means on the table. Meines Geschäftspartners is genitive because it shows possession; auf dem Tisch is dative because it describes location.
Die beiden Geschäftspartner unterschreiben den Vertrag.
Both business partners sign the contract.
die beiden means both, unterschreiben means sign, and der Vertrag is the contract. Geschäftspartner has the same spelling in singular and plural; die beiden and the plural verb unterschreiben make the number clear.
gestorben — dead, deceased
Gestorben is the Partizip II of sterben used as an adjective. It normally describes someone or something that is no longer alive; unlike a temporary condition, it is not normally compared, so there are no comparative or superlative forms.
Mein Großvater ist gestorben.
My grandfather has died.
mein Großvater means my grandfather. Gestorben is predicative after ist and describes a change of state; as the Partizip II of sterben, it forms the perfect with sein, not haben.
Die Familie besucht den gestorbenen Hund.
The family visits the dead dog.
die Familie is the family, besucht means visits, and der Hund is the dog. Den gestorbenen Hund is accusative because besuchen takes an accusative object, and the adjective ending -en follows the masculine accusative article den.
Er sieht heute blasser aus als der gestorbene Mann.
He looks paler today than the dead man.
blasser means paler, heute means today, and der Mann is the man. The comparison uses als; gestorbene is attributive with a weak masculine nominative ending after der, while aussehen is a separable verb with sieht ... aus.
Das war der traurigste Moment seit dem gestorbenen Freund.
That was the saddest moment since the deceased friend.
der traurigste Moment means the saddest moment, and seit means since. Dem gestorbenen Freund is dative because seit requires the dative; gestorbenen has the dative masculine ending -en, and war stands in position two.
großzügig — generous, open-handed
Großzügig can describe money and gifts, but also time, space or rules: a person can be generous, or a room can be spacious. The opposite is geizig, meaning stingy or miserly.
Er ist sehr großzügig.
He is very generous.
sehr means very. Großzügig is predicative after ist, so it has no adjective ending; the finite verb ist is in position two.
Sie macht ihrem Bruder ein großzügiges Geschenk.
She gives her brother a generous gift.
macht means makes or gives, ihrem Bruder means to her brother, and Geschenk means gift. Ihrem Bruder is dative as the recipient, while ein großzügiges Geschenk is accusative as the thing given; the adjective ending -es follows the neuter article ein.
Marta ist großzügiger als ihr Mann.
Marta is more generous than her husband.
als means than and ihr Mann means her husband. Großzügiger is predicative after ist, so it has no ending; comparisons with mehr or a longer adjective normally use als.
Von allen Gästen war Lisa am großzügigsten.
Of all the guests, Lisa was the most generous.
von allen Gästen means of all the guests. Von takes the dative, and am großzügigsten is the predicative superlative; it comes after the verb war at the end of this clause.
die Herkunft — origin, background
Herkunft is used for a person's background as well as the source or origin of a thing. With a person, it can refer to family, country, or cultural background; it is not limited to a birthplace.
Die Herkunft ist für mich nicht wichtig.
A person's background is not important to me.
Wichtig means important, and für mich means to me. Die Herkunft is the nominative subject, and the finite verb ist stands in position two.
Ich kenne seine Herkunft.
I know his background.
Kenne means know, and seine means his. Seine Herkunft is accusative because kennen takes a direct object; the finite verb kenne is in position two.
Wir sprechen über ihre Herkunft.
We are talking about her background.
Sprechen über means talk about, and ihre means her. Here über takes the accusative because it introduces the topic, so ihre Herkunft is accusative rather than dative.
Die Farbe hängt von der Herkunft ab.
The colour depends on the origin.
Die Farbe is the colour, and hängt von ... ab means depends on. The phrase der Herkunft is a genitive attribute after von in the requested noun slot; strictly, von itself governs the dative, so this sentence also shows the common dative form.
Verschiedene Herkünfte bereichern unsere Gesellschaft.
Different backgrounds enrich our society.
Verschiedene means different, bereichern means enrich, and unsere Gesellschaft means our society. Verschiedene Herkünfte is a plural nominative subject, so the verb is plural: bereichern.
hilfsbereit — helpful, willing to help
This adjective describes a person who is ready to help, not simply someone who happens to help once. Its comparative and superlative are regular: hilfsbereiter, am hilfsbereitesten.
Meine Nachbarin ist sehr hilfsbereit.
My neighbour is very helpful.
meine Nachbarin means my female neighbour, and sehr means very. Hilfsbereit is predicative after ist, so it has no adjective ending; the finite verb ist is in position two.
Ein hilfsbereiter Mitarbeiter zeigt uns den Weg.
A helpful employee shows us the way.
ein Mitarbeiter means an employee, and zeigt uns den Weg means shows us the way. Hilfsbereiter stands before the masculine noun Mitarbeiter and takes -er after the indefinite article ein; zeigt is in position two.
Dieser Kollege ist hilfsbereiter als sein Chef.
This colleague is more helpful than his boss.
dieser Kollege means this colleague, and sein Chef means his boss. Hilfsbereiter is the comparative and is followed by als for comparison; after ist, the adjective is predicative and has no ending.
Von allen war Anna am hilfsbereitesten.
Anna was the most helpful of them all.
von allen means of them all, and war means was. Am hilfsbereitesten is the predicative superlative; von takes the dative, and the finite verb war is in position two.
das Image — image, public reputation; image, picture
das Image is a German loanword, usually meaning a public reputation or impression rather than a simple picture. Its plural is die Images and its genitive is des Images; the borrowed ending -s is easy to overlook.
Das Image der Firma ist modern.
The company's image is modern.
die Firma means the company and modern means modern. Das Image is the nominative subject, while der Firma is genitive because it shows whose image it is; ist stands in position two.
Viele Kunden mögen das Image der Marke.
Many customers like the brand's image.
Viele Kunden means many customers, mögen means like, and die Marke means the brand. das Image is accusative because mögen takes an accusative object, while der Marke is genitive and means of the brand.
Die Agentur arbeitet an einem neuen Image.
The agency is working on a new image.
Die Agentur means the agency and arbeitet an means is working on. The preposition an takes dative here because it describes work directed at a project, so einem neuen Image is dative; the separable verb arbeitet ... an forms the sentence bracket.
Die Qualität des Images überzeugt die Kunden.
The quality of the image convinces the customers.
Die Qualität means the quality, überzeugt means convinces, and die Kunden means the customers. des Images is genitive because it means of the image, while die Kunden is accusative as the people being convinced.
Große Unternehmen pflegen ihre Images.
Large companies maintain their images.
Große Unternehmen means large companies, pflegen means maintain, and ihre means their. Images is the plural accusative object of pflegen; the borrowed plural ending -s stays unchanged in this case.
Das Image erscheint auf dem Bildschirm.
The image appears on the screen.
erscheint means appears and auf dem Bildschirm means on the screen. Das Image is the nominative subject, while auf dem Bildschirm is dative because it describes a fixed location.
Bitte speichere die Images auf dem Computer.
Please save the images on the computer.
Bitte means please, speichere means save, and auf dem Computer means on the computer. die Images is the plural accusative object of speichern; the command uses the singular informal imperative speichere, with the subject du omitted.
der Interviewpartner — interview partner, interviewee
Interviewpartner can mean either the person asking questions or the person answering them, but it often means the person being interviewed. It is a weak masculine noun, so use den Interviewpartner and dem Interviewpartner, not the unchanged nominative form.
Der Interviewpartner wirkt sehr freundlich.
The interview partner seems very friendly.
wirkt means seems or comes across, and freundlich means friendly. Der Interviewpartner is nominative because it is the subject; as a weak masculine noun, it has no extra ending in the nominative.
Die Journalistin begrüßt den Interviewpartner.
The journalist greets the interview partner.
die Journalistin is the female journalist, and begrüßt means greets. Den Interviewpartner is accusative because begrüßen takes a direct object; weak masculine nouns add -n outside the nominative.
Der Reporter stellt dem Interviewpartner eine schwierige Frage.
The reporter asks the interview partner a difficult question.
der Reporter means the reporter, stellt eine Frage means asks a question, and schwierig means difficult. Dem Interviewpartner is dative because it is the person receiving the question, and the weak noun takes -n.
Die Antwort des Interviewpartners war überraschend.
The interview partner’s answer was surprising.
die Antwort means the answer, and überraschend means surprising. Des Interviewpartners is genitive because it shows whose answer it was; the weak masculine noun has -s in the genitive.
Die Interviewpartner warten vor dem Studio.
The interview partners are waiting in front of the studio.
warten means are waiting, and vor dem Studio means in front of the studio. Die Interviewpartner is plural and has the same noun form as the singular; warten and the article make the plural clear.
jedermann — everyone, everybody
jedermann is more formal than jeder or alle and is often used in general statements. It normally refers to people as a group and does not change for gender.
Jedermann kennt diese Geschichte.
Everyone knows this story.
diese Geschichte means this story. Jedermann is the subject in the nominative, and the finite verb kennt stands in position two; jedermann is a formal-sounding word for everyone.
Das Angebot steht für jedermann offen.
The offer is open to everyone.
das Angebot means the offer, and offen stehen means to be open or available. für jedermann is an accusative phrase because für always takes the accusative; the phrase usually comes after steht in this fixed expression.
der Jude — Jewish man, Jew
The noun is a weak masculine noun: der Jude, den Juden, dem Juden, des Juden. In modern neutral language, jüdischer Mann or jüdische Person may be preferred when the religious or cultural identity is not the focus.
Der Jude lebt in Berlin.
The Jewish man lives in Berlin.
lebt means lives, and Berlin is the capital city of Germany. Der Jude is nominative because he is the subject; the finite verb lebt is in position two.
Ich sehe den Juden im Museum.
I see the Jewish man in the museum.
sehe means see, im Museum means in the museum, and Museum is a museum. Den Juden is accusative because sehen takes a direct object; the weak noun keeps -n outside the nominative singular.
Wir helfen dem Juden bei der Suche.
We help the Jewish man with the search.
helfen means help, bei der Suche means with the search, and Suche is search. Dem Juden is dative because helfen requires a dative object, and the finite verb helfen stands in position two.
Das Buch des Juden liegt auf dem Tisch.
The Jewish man's book is lying on the table.
das Buch means the book, liegt means is lying, and auf dem Tisch means on the table. Des Juden is genitive because it shows whose book it is; the weak noun uses -n, not -s, in this form.
Viele Juden feiern dieses Fest.
Many Jewish people celebrate this festival.
viele means many, feiern means celebrate, and dieses Fest means this festival. Juden is the plural form and is nominative here because it is the subject of feiern.
das Jugendalter — adolescence, teenage years
Das Jugendalter is a formal or neutral term for adolescence and is often used in psychology, education and medicine. In everyday speech, die Pubertät may refer more specifically to the physical and hormonal changes of puberty.
Das Jugendalter beginnt nicht bei allen Kindern gleich.
Adolescence does not begin at the same age for all children.
beginnt means begins, bei allen Kindern means for all children, and gleich means at the same time or age. Das Jugendalter is nominative because it is the subject; the finite verb beginnt is in position two.
Viele Eltern erleben das Jugendalter ihrer Kinder als schwierig.
Many parents find their children's adolescence difficult.
viele Eltern means many parents, erleben means experience, ihrer Kinder means of their children, and schwierig means difficult. Das Jugendalter is accusative because erleben takes a direct object; ihrer Kinder is genitive and shows whose adolescence it is.
Im Jugendalter verändern sich Körper und Gefühle.
During adolescence, bodies and feelings change.
verändern sich means change, Körper means bodies, and Gefühle means feelings. Im Jugendalter is dative because in means a time period here and contracts to im; the reflexive verb verändern sich follows the plural subject Körper und Gefühle.
Die Herausforderungen des Jugendalters können sehr groß sein.
The challenges of adolescence can be very great.
Herausforderungen means challenges, können means can, and sehr groß means very great. Des Jugendalters is genitive because it specifies which challenges; the modal verb können stands in position two and sein goes to the end.
Die Jugendalter verschiedener Generationen sind nicht identisch.
The periods of adolescence of different generations are not identical.
verschiedener Generationen means of different generations and identisch means identical. Jugendalter is plural here, with no plural ending; the plural verb sind agrees with the plural subject.
die Jüdin — Jewish woman
Jüdin is the feminine form of Jude, a Jewish man or person. The adjective jüdisch means Jewish and is not the same grammatical form as the noun.
Die Jüdin lebt in Berlin.
The Jewish woman lives in Berlin.
lebt means lives and in Berlin means in Berlin. Die Jüdin is nominative because it is the subject, and the finite verb lebt is in position two.
Ich treffe eine Jüdin.
I am meeting a Jewish woman.
treffe means meet and eine means a or one. Eine Jüdin is accusative because treffen takes a direct object; the feminine article stays eine in both nominative and accusative.
Er spricht mit einer Jüdin.
He is talking to a Jewish woman.
er means he and spricht means speaks or is talking. Einer Jüdin is dative because mit always requires the dative; the feminine article changes from eine to einer.
Das Buch der Jüdin ist interessant.
The Jewish woman’s book is interesting.
das Buch means book and interessant means interesting. Der Jüdin is genitive because it shows possession; with a feminine noun, the noun stays unchanged and only the article signals the case.
Im Kurs lernen drei Jüdinnen Deutsch.
Three Jewish women are learning German in the course.
im Kurs means in the course, lernen means learn, and Deutsch means German. Jüdinnen is the plural after drei; because im Kurs comes first, the finite verb lernen comes before the subject.
der Killer — killer; murderer; real challenge; very powerful thing
This loanword is used for a person who kills, especially in crime stories. In informal speech, Killer can also describe something extremely effective, as in ein Killerargument.
Der Killer wurde gestern verhaftet.
The killer was arrested yesterday.
wurde verhaftet means was arrested, and gestern means yesterday. Der Killer is nominative because it is the subject of the passive sentence; the finite verb wurde is in position two and the participle verhaftet goes to the end.
Die Polizei sucht den Killer.
The police are looking for the killer.
die Polizei means the police, and sucht means is looking for. Den Killer is accusative because suchen takes a direct object; the finite verb sucht stands in position two.
Die Polizei folgt dem Killer.
The police are following the killer.
folgt means follows, and die Polizei means the police. Dem Killer is dative because folgen governs the dative; the masculine article changes from der to dem.
Die Identität des Killers ist noch unbekannt.
The killer’s identity is still unknown.
die Identität means the identity, and noch unbekannt means still unknown. Des Killers is genitive to show possession, and the noun adds -s; the finite verb ist is in position two.
In dem Film gibt es mehrere Killer.
There are several killers in the film.
in dem Film means in the film, and mehrere means several. Killer has the same form in singular and plural, but mehrere and Killer show that it is plural; es gibt takes an accusative object.
Dieser Berg ist ein echter Killer.
This mountain is a real killer.
dieser Berg means this mountain, and ein echter means a real one. Ein echter Killer is a predicate noun after sein, so it stays nominative; the finite verb ist is in position two.
Die letzte Frage war ein Killer.
The last question was a real challenge.
die letzte Frage means the last question, and eine Herausforderung is a challenge. Ein Killer is an informal predicate noun after war; after sein, the complement is nominative rather than accusative.