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Vocab: Work & office — A2 (3)
Work & office vocabulary at A2 level.
Maskulin Feminin Neutrum Plural
der Paketbote — parcel delivery worker, delivery driver
Paketbote is a weak masculine noun: use den Paketboten, dem Paketboten, and des Paketboten, not forms without -en. The feminine form is Paketbotin.
Der Paketbote klingelt an der Tür.
The parcel delivery worker is ringing the doorbell.
klingelt means rings, and an der Tür means at the door. Der Paketbote is nominative because it is the subject; an takes the dative for a location.
Ich sehe den Paketboten im Hof.
I see the parcel delivery worker in the courtyard.
sehe means see, and im Hof means in the courtyard. Den Paketboten is accusative because sehen takes a direct object; the weak noun takes -en outside the nominative.
Ich gebe dem Paketboten einen Tipp.
I give the parcel delivery worker a tip.
geben means give, and einen Tipp means a tip. Dem Paketboten is dative because he receives something, while einen Tipp is accusative; Paketbote takes -en outside the nominative.
Das Fahrrad des Paketboten steht draußen.
The parcel delivery worker's bicycle is outside.
das Fahrrad means the bicycle, and draußen means outside. Des Paketboten is genitive because it shows possession; this weak masculine noun uses -en, not -s.
Die Paketboten arbeiten auch samstags.
The parcel delivery workers also work on Saturdays.
arbeiten means work, and samstags means on Saturdays. Die Paketboten is plural and nominative because it is the subject; the plural has the same -en ending as the non-nominative singular.
Der Paketbote stellt das Paket vor die Tür.
The parcel delivery worker puts the parcel in front of the door.
stellt means puts or places, and vor die Tür means in front of the door. Der Paketbote is nominative, while das Paket is accusative; vor takes the accusative because the parcel is moved to a destination.
die Position — position; place; opinion; standpoint
For a physical place, Position means a position or location. It can also refer to an opinion or standpoint; context usually makes the meaning clear.
Die Position ist bequem.
The position is comfortable.
ist means is and bequem means comfortable. Die Position is nominative because it is the subject, and the finite verb ist stands in position two.
Ich ändere die Position des Stuhls.
I am changing the position of the chair.
ändere means change and der Stuhl means the chair. die Position is accusative because ändern takes a direct object; des Stuhls is genitive and means of the chair.
Er bleibt in der Position.
He stays in the position.
bleibt means stays. in der Position is dative because in describes a fixed location here, not movement into it; the finite verb bleibt is in position two.
Die Bedeutung der Position ist klar.
The meaning of the position is clear.
die Bedeutung means the meaning and klar means clear. der Position is genitive because it identifies whose meaning is meant; the finite verb ist stands in position two.
Die Positionen der Spieler sind unterschiedlich.
The players' positions are different.
die Spieler means the players and unterschiedlich means different. Die Positionen is the plural subject, while der Spieler is genitive and means of the players.
Sie erklärt ihre Position zu diesem Thema.
She explains her position on this topic.
erklärt means explains, ihre means her, and dieses Thema means this topic. ihre Position is accusative because erklären takes a direct object; zu diesem Thema uses zu with the dative.
Wir kennen seine Position noch nicht.
We do not know his position yet.
kennen means know, seine means his, and noch nicht means not yet. seine Position is accusative because kennen takes a direct object, while nicht negates the statement.
die Probe — test, sample; rehearsal; rehearsal
Die Probe can mean a test, a sample, or a rehearsal, depending on the context. In a school context it usually means a test; with theatre or music it means a rehearsal.
Die Probe war nicht schwer.
The test was not difficult.
schwer means difficult. Die Probe is nominative because it is the subject; the finite verb war is in position two.
Ich mache morgen die Probe.
I am taking the test tomorrow.
morgen means tomorrow, and machen means to do or take here. Die Probe is accusative because machen takes a direct object; the finite verb mache stands in position two.
Wir sprechen nach der Probe noch zusammen.
We are still talking together after the rehearsal.
nach means after, and noch zusammen means still together. Der Probe is dative because nach always takes the dative; sprechen is in position two.
Die Dauer der Probe beträgt zwei Stunden.
The duration of the rehearsal is two hours.
die Dauer means the duration, and beträgt means amounts to. Der Probe is genitive because it identifies whose duration is meant; the finite verb beträgt is in position two.
Die Schauspieler machen drei Proben vor der Aufführung.
The actors have three rehearsals before the performance.
die Schauspieler are the actors, and die Aufführung is the performance. Proben is plural and accusative because machen takes the rehearsals as its direct object.
Die Band ist heute bei der Probe.
The band is at rehearsal today.
die Band means the band, and heute means today. Bei der Probe is a dative phrase because bei always takes the dative; the finite verb ist is in position two.
Vor der Probe trinken wir einen Kaffee.
Before rehearsal, we drink a coffee.
vor means before, and trinken means drink. Der Probe is dative because vor expresses a time relationship here; trinken comes in position two after the fronted phrase.
der Professor — professor; Professor, academic title
Professor is a masculine noun with the plural Professoren, but its genitive singular is des Professors. A professor teaches and researches at a university; Dozent is a broader word for a university lecturer.
Der Professor hält heute eine Vorlesung.
The professor is giving a lecture today.
hält eine Vorlesung means gives a lecture, and heute means today. Der Professor is nominative because he is the subject; the finite verb hält stands in position two.
Ich sehe den Professor im Flur.
I see the professor in the corridor.
sehe means see, and der Flur is the corridor. Den Professor is accusative because sehen takes a direct object; im Flur is a location, and the finite verb sehe is in position two.
Ich stelle dem Professor eine Frage.
I ask the professor a question.
stelle ... eine Frage means ask a question. Dem Professor is dative because jemandem eine Frage stellen gives the person the dative role, while eine Frage is accusative; the finite verb stelle stands in position two.
Das Büro des Professors ist im zweiten Stock.
The professor's office is on the second floor.
Das Büro means the office, and im zweiten Stock means on the second floor. Des Professors is genitive because it shows possession; the finite verb ist stands in position two.
Die Professoren treffen sich nach der Konferenz.
The professors meet after the conference.
treffen sich means meet each other, nach means after, and die Konferenz is the conference. Die Professoren is plural and nominative as the subject; nach der Konferenz uses dative after nach.
Guten Morgen, Professor!
Good morning, Professor!
Guten Morgen means good morning. Professor is used as a title in direct address, so it normally has no article; the greeting is an independent phrase rather than a full verb sentence.
Der Professor erklärt die schwierige Theorie.
The professor explains the difficult theory.
erklärt means explains, and die schwierige Theorie means the difficult theory. Die schwierige Theorie is accusative because erklären takes a direct object; the finite verb erklärt stands in position two.
der Profi — professional; expert
Profi is short for Professioneller or Professionelle, but it is also used for a highly skilled amateur. It is common in everyday speech and can describe skill, not only employment.
Der Profi erklärt den Trick.
The professional explains the trick.
erklärt means explains, and der Trick is the trick. Der Profi is nominative because it is the subject; the finite verb erklärt stands in position two.
Ich frage den Profi um Rat.
I ask the professional for advice.
um Rat fragen means to ask for advice. Den Profi is accusative because fragen takes the person asked as its direct object; the finite verb frage is in position two.
Wir lernen von dem Profi.
We learn from the professional.
lernen means learn, and von means from. The preposition von forces the dative, so dem Profi is dative; the finite verb lernen stands in position two.
Die Tipps des Profis helfen uns sehr.
The professional's tips help us a lot.
die Tipps are the tips, and helfen uns sehr means help us a lot. Des Profis is genitive because it shows whose tips they are; the finite verb helfen is in position two.
Die Profis trainieren jeden Tag.
The professionals train every day.
trainieren means train, and jeden Tag means every day. Die Profis is plural and nominative because it is the subject; the verb trainieren stands in position two.
das Projekt — project
Das Projekt normally describes planned work with a clear aim and time frame. With an for ongoing work, use the dative: an einem Projekt arbeiten.
Das Projekt dauert drei Monate.
The project lasts three months.
dauert means lasts, and drei Monate means three months. Das Projekt is nominative because it is the subject; the finite verb dauert stands in position two.
Die Klasse startet ein neues Projekt.
The class is starting a new project.
die Klasse means the class, startet means starts, and neu means new. Ein neues Projekt is accusative because starten takes a direct object; the adjective ending -es matches the neuter noun after ein.
Wir arbeiten an dem Projekt.
We are working on the project.
wir arbeiten means we are working. An dem Projekt is dative because arbeiten an takes an with the dative for an ongoing activity; dem is often shortened to am.
Das Ziel des Projekts ist klar.
The aim of the project is clear.
das Ziel means the aim, and klar means clear. Des Projekts is genitive and means of the project; the noun adds -s, and the finite verb ist is in position two.
Die Projekte der Schüler sind interessant.
The students' projects are interesting.
die Schüler means the students, and interessant means interesting. Die Projekte is plural and is the subject, while der Schüler is genitive and means of the students.
das Protokoll — minutes, record; protocol; protocol, procedure
In everyday office language, das Protokoll usually means minutes or a written record. In technical contexts it can mean a protocol, such as a communication protocol.
Das Protokoll liegt auf dem Tisch.
The minutes are on the table.
liegt means is lying, and auf dem Tisch means on the table. Das Protokoll is nominative because it is the subject; the finite verb liegt is in position two.
Ich lese das Protokoll.
I am reading the minutes.
lese means am reading. Das Protokoll is the direct object in the accusative because lesen takes an accusative object; the finite verb lese stands in position two.
Wir schicken dem Vorsitzenden das Protokoll.
We send the chairperson the minutes.
schicken means send, and der Vorsitzende is the chairperson. Dem Vorsitzenden is dative because it is the recipient, while das Protokoll is accusative as the thing sent.
Die Überschrift des Protokolls ist zu lang.
The title of the minutes is too long.
die Überschrift means the title, and zu lang means too long. Des Protokolls is genitive because it shows whose title it is; the genitive ending -s is added to the neuter noun.
Die Protokolle liegen im Archiv.
The records are in the archive.
liegen means are lying, and das Archiv is the archive. Protokolle is the plural with -e; im Archiv is a dative location after in.
Wir haben das Protokoll gestern unterschrieben.
We signed the minutes yesterday.
haben unterschrieben means signed, and gestern means yesterday. Das Protokoll is accusative as the object of unterschreiben; the participle unterschrieben goes at the end in the perfect tense.
Das Protokoll regelt den Datenaustausch.
The protocol regulates data exchange.
regelt means regulates, and der Datenaustausch is data exchange. Das Protokoll is nominative as the subject, while den Datenaustausch is accusative after regeln.
Bitte halten Sie sich an das Protokoll.
Please follow the protocol.
sich an etwas halten means to follow or stick to something, and bitte makes the request polite. The preposition an takes the accusative in this fixed expression, so das Protokoll is accusative; halten Sie is a formal imperative.
präsentieren — to present, to give a presentation; to present oneself, to project an image
Präsentieren takes an accusative object: jemanden oder etwas präsentieren means to present someone or something. It is a weak verb with haben in the perfect, and verbs ending in -ieren form präsentiert without ge-.
Sie präsentiert heute ihr Projekt.
She is presenting her project today.
heute means today and ihr Projekt means her project. Ihr Projekt is accusative because präsentieren takes a direct object, and the finite verb präsentiert stands in position two.
Wir haben die Ergebnisse präsentiert.
We presented the results.
die Ergebnisse means the results. The perfect uses haben plus präsentiert; the finite auxiliary haben is in position two and the Partizip II goes to the end.
Der Student präsentierte seine Idee.
The student presented his idea.
der Student means the student and seine Idee means his idea. Seine Idee is accusative as the direct object, and the weak-verb past form präsentierte occupies position two.
Präsentier dein Thema bitte kurz.
Please present your topic briefly.
dein Thema means your topic, bitte means please, and kurz means briefly. Präsentier is a direct command to one person; the accusative object follows it, and the subject du is normally omitted.
Wenn ich mehr Zeit hätte, präsentierte ich die Idee selbst.
If I had more time, I would present the idea myself.
wenn means if, mehr Zeit means more time, and selbst means myself. In the wenn-clause the finite verb goes to the end; präsentierte is the Konjunktiv II form here and expresses an unreal condition.
Morgen präsentiert er den neuen Plan.
Tomorrow he will present the new plan.
morgen means tomorrow and der neue Plan means the new plan. In the future, the auxiliary werden would be finite in position two and präsentieren would go to the end; German often uses the present form präsentiert with a future time word instead.
Er präsentiert sich als erfahrener Fachmann.
He presents himself as an experienced specialist.
sich als means himself as, erfahren means experienced, and der Fachmann means specialist. Sich is accusative because the person presents himself, and the finite verb präsentiert is in position two.
Die Firma möchte präsentieren, was sie kann.
The company wants to show what it can do.
die Firma means the company, möchte means would like to, and was sie kann means what it can do. After the modal verb möchte, the infinitive präsentieren goes to the end of the main clause.
die Qualität — quality; quality, characteristic
Qualität can describe both how good something is and the features that make it good. The plural is Qualitäten, not an English-style form with -s.
Die Qualität des Kaffees ist ausgezeichnet.
The quality of the coffee is excellent.
der Kaffee means coffee, and ausgezeichnet means excellent. Die Qualität is nominative because it is the subject, while des Kaffees is genitive and means of the coffee; the finite verb ist stands in position two.
Wir prüfen die Qualität des Produkts.
We check the quality of the product.
prüfen means to check, and das Produkt means product. die Qualität is accusative because prüfen takes a direct object, and the finite verb prüfen is in position two.
An der Qualität darf man nicht sparen.
You must not cut corners on quality.
sparen means to save or cut corners, and dürfen means may or be allowed to. an der Qualität is dative because this expression uses an with dative; the modal verb darf is in position two and sparen goes to the end.
Die Prüfung der Qualität dauert zwei Stunden.
The quality check takes two hours.
die Prüfung means check or inspection, and dauern means to last. der Qualität is genitive after die Prüfung to show what is being checked; the finite verb dauert stands in position two.
Gute Qualitäten sind bei diesem Material wichtig.
Good qualities are important in this material.
gut means good, and das Material means material. Qualitäten is plural nominative because it is the subject, and sind is the plural form of sein in position two.
Geduld ist eine wichtige Qualität für diese Arbeit.
Patience is an important quality for this job.
Geduld means patience, wichtig means important, and diese Arbeit means this job. Geduld is the subject, while für diese Arbeit uses accusative after für; the verb ist stands in position two.
Sie zeigt viele gute Qualitäten.
She shows many good qualities.
zeigen means to show, viele means many, and gut means good. viele gute Qualitäten is accusative because zeigen takes a direct object, and zeigt is in position two.
der Reiseführer — travel guide
A Reiseführer is usually a book, website or app with practical information about a destination. It can also mean a person who guides travellers, but the book meaning is the common learner meaning.
Der Reiseführer liegt auf dem Tisch.
The travel guide is lying on the table.
liegt means is lying, auf dem Tisch means on the table, and der Tisch is table. Der Reiseführer is nominative because it is the subject; auf dem Tisch is dative because it describes a fixed location.
Ich lese den Reiseführer im Zug.
I am reading the travel guide on the train.
lesen means to read, im Zug means on the train, and der Zug is train. Den Reiseführer is accusative because it is the direct object of lesen; the masculine article changes from der to den.
Ich vertraue dem Reiseführer nicht ganz.
I do not completely trust the travel guide.
vertrauen means to trust, nicht ganz means not completely. Dem Reiseführer is dative because vertrauen always takes a dative person or thing; the finite verb vertraue is in position two.
Die Karte des Reiseführers ist sehr praktisch.
The travel guide's map is very practical.
die Karte means map and praktisch means practical. Des Reiseführers is genitive because it identifies whose map it is; the masculine noun adds -s in this case.
Im Laden liegen viele Reiseführer.
There are many travel guides in the shop.
im Laden means in the shop, liegen means are lying, and viele means many. Reiseführer has the same form in singular and plural; viele and the plural verb liegen make the plural clear.
der Schaffner — conductor, ticket inspector
Schaffner traditionally refers to a male employee; the feminine form is Schaffnerin. In modern transport language, Zugbegleiter is also common for a train conductor.
Der Schaffner kontrolliert die Fahrkarten.
The conductor is checking the tickets.
kontrollieren means to check, and die Fahrkarten are the tickets. Der Schaffner is nominative because he is the subject; the finite verb kontrolliert is in position two.
Ich sehe den Schaffner im Zug.
I see the conductor on the train.
sehen means to see and der Zug is the train. Den Schaffner is accusative because sehen takes a direct object, while im Zug means on the train.
Ich danke dem Schaffner für die Hilfe.
I thank the conductor for the help.
danken means to thank and die Hilfe is the help. Dem Schaffner is dative because danken always takes a dative person; für die Hilfe is an additional phrase with accusative after für.
Die Pfeife des Schaffners klingt laut.
The conductor's whistle sounds loud.
die Pfeife is the whistle and laut means loud. Des Schaffners is genitive because it shows whose whistle it is; klingt is the finite verb in position two.
Die Schaffner prüfen die Tickets.
The conductors check the tickets.
prüfen means to check and die Tickets are the tickets. Die Schaffner is plural and has the same noun form as the singular; die Tickets is accusative because it is what they check.
der Schauspieler — actor
Der Schauspieler is a male actor who performs in films, television or plays. The feminine form is die Schauspielerin; the plural die Schauspieler can refer to men or to a mixed group.
Der Schauspieler spricht sehr deutlich.
The actor speaks very clearly.
spricht means speaks and sehr deutlich means very clearly. Der Schauspieler is nominative because he is the subject, and the finite verb spricht stands in position two.
Ich kenne den Schauspieler aus dem Film.
I know the actor from the film.
ich kenne means I know, aus means from, and der Film means the film. Den Schauspieler is accusative because kennen takes a direct object; the masculine article changes from der to den.
Ich gebe dem Schauspieler eine Blume.
I give the actor a flower.
geben means give, eine Blume means a flower, and ich means I. Dem Schauspieler is dative because he receives something, while eine Blume is the accusative thing given.
Die Stimme des Schauspielers ist bekannt.
The actor's voice is well known.
die Stimme means the voice and bekannt means well known. Des Schauspielers is genitive because it shows whose voice it is; the noun takes -s.
Die Schauspieler proben heute zusammen.
The actors are rehearsing together today.
proben means rehearse, heute means today, and zusammen means together. Die Schauspieler is plural even though the noun has no plural ending; the plural verb proben confirms this.
der Schornsteinfeger — chimney sweep
The compound combines Schornstein (chimney) and Feger (sweeper); the plural is unchanged, but the genitive singular adds -s.
Der Schornsteinfeger kommt morgen.
The chimney sweep is coming tomorrow.
kommt means is coming and morgen means tomorrow. Der Schornsteinfeger is nominative because it is the subject, and the finite verb kommt stands in position two.
Wir rufen den Schornsteinfeger.
We are calling the chimney sweep.
wir means we and rufen means call. Den Schornsteinfeger is accusative because rufen takes a direct object; the article changes from der to den.
Ich spreche mit dem Schornsteinfeger.
I am speaking with the chimney sweep.
spreche means speak or am speaking. Mit always takes the dative, so dem Schornsteinfeger is dative; the finite verb spreche is in position two.
Die Arbeit des Schornsteinfegers ist wichtig.
The chimney sweep's work is important.
die Arbeit means the work and wichtig means important. Des Schornsteinfegers is genitive because it shows whose work is meant; this masculine noun adds -s in the genitive.
Schornsteinfeger arbeiten oft früh.
Chimney sweeps often work early.
arbeiten means work, oft means often, and früh means early. Schornsteinfeger is plural without an ending, and the plural subject takes the verb form arbeiten.
die Schutzbrille — protective goggles; safety glasses
The compound Schutzbrille combines Schutz, meaning protection, with Brille, meaning glasses. It is usually worn during work that could harm the eyes.
Die Schutzbrille liegt auf dem Tisch.
The protective goggles are on the table.
liegt means “is lying,” and auf dem Tisch means “on the table.” Die Schutzbrille is nominative because it is the subject; the finite verb liegt is in position two.
Bitte trag die Schutzbrille beim Bohren.
Please wear the protective goggles when drilling.
trag means “wear,” beim Bohren means “while drilling,” and bitte means “please.” Die Schutzbrille is accusative because tragen takes a direct object, while the imperative trag comes first.
Ich arbeite mit der Schutzbrille.
I work with the protective goggles.
arbeite means “work,” and mit means “with.” Der Schutzbrille is dative because mit always takes the dative; the finite verb arbeite stands in position two.
Die Farbe der Schutzbrille ist blau.
The colour of the protective goggles is blue.
die Farbe means “the colour,” and blau means “blue.” Der Schutzbrille is genitive because it identifies whose colour is meant; the finite verb ist is in position two.
Im Labor liegen Schutzbrillen für alle.
There are protective goggles for everyone in the laboratory.
im Labor means “in the laboratory,” and für alle means “for everyone.” Schutzbrillen is plural, and im is short for in dem, which takes the dative for a location; the verb liegen agrees with the plural subject.
Diese Schutzbrille schützt die Augen vor Chemikalien.
These protective goggles protect the eyes from chemicals.
schützt means “protects,” die Augen means “the eyes,” and Chemikalien means “chemicals.” Die Augen is accusative as the object of schützt, while vor Chemikalien uses vor with the dative; the finite verb schützt is in position two.
Für die Arbeit brauche ich eine Schutzbrille mit Seitenschutz.
For the work, I need protective goggles with side protection.
für die Arbeit means “for the work,” brauche means “need,” and Seitenschutz means side protection. Eine Schutzbrille is accusative because brauchen takes a direct object; mit Seitenschutz uses the dative after mit.
der Schutzhelm — safety helmet
The compound Schutzhelm combines Schutz, meaning protection, with Helm, meaning helmet. It is common on building sites and in other dangerous workplaces.
Der Schutzhelm sitzt gut.
The safety helmet fits well.
sitzt gut means “fits well.” Der Schutzhelm is nominative because it is the subject, and the finite verb sitzt stands in position two.
Der Arbeiter trägt den Schutzhelm.
The worker is wearing the safety helmet.
der Arbeiter means “the worker,” and trägt means “wears.” Den Schutzhelm is accusative because tragen takes a direct object; the finite verb trägt is in position two.
Mit dem Schutzhelm bist du sicherer.
With the safety helmet, you are safer.
mit means “with,” and sicherer means “safer.” Dem Schutzhelm is dative because mit always takes the dative; the finite verb bist is in position two.
Die Farbe des Schutzhelms ist gelb.
The colour of the safety helmet is yellow.
die Farbe means “the colour,” and gelb means “yellow.” Des Schutzhelms is genitive because it shows which helmet the colour belongs to; the noun adds -s in this case.
Auf der Baustelle tragen alle Schutzhelme.
Everyone on the building site wears safety helmets.
auf der Baustelle means “on the building site,” and alle means “everyone.” Schutzhelme is plural and is accusative because it is the object of tragen; the subject alle comes before the finite verb.
die Sekretärin — female secretary
die Sekretärin is the feminine form of der Sekretär. Its plural is die Sekretärinnen; the ending -in becomes -innen.
Die Sekretärin schreibt eine E-Mail.
The secretary is writing an email.
schreibt means writes and E-Mail means email. Die Sekretärin is nominative because it is the subject, and schreibt stands in position two.
Ich rufe die Sekretärin an.
I am calling the secretary.
rufe ... an means call. die Sekretärin is accusative as the direct object, and the separable parts are rufe in position two and an at the end.
Ich danke der Sekretärin für ihre Hilfe.
I thank the secretary for her help.
danke means thank, für means for, and Hilfe means help. der Sekretärin is dative because danken always takes a dative person; für ihre Hilfe is an accusative phrase after für.
Das Handy der Sekretärin klingelt.
The secretary's mobile phone is ringing.
Handy means mobile phone and klingelt means rings. der Sekretärin is genitive because it shows possession, and the finite verb klingelt is in position two.
Die Sekretärinnen arbeiten heute zusammen.
The secretaries are working together today.
arbeiten means work, zusammen means together, and heute means today. Sekretärinnen is the plural subject; the ending -innen marks a group of female secretaries.
die Sitzung — meeting; session
Die Sitzung is a formal meeting or an official session, not usually a casual chat with friends. The related verb sitzen means to sit, but Sitzung refers to the organised event.
Die Sitzung beginnt um neun Uhr.
The meeting starts at nine o’clock.
beginnen means to begin and um neun Uhr means at nine o’clock. Die Sitzung is nominative as the subject, and beginnt is in position two.
Der Chef leitet die Sitzung.
The boss chairs the meeting.
der Chef means the boss and leiten means to lead or chair. Die Sitzung is accusative because it is the object of leitet, although its article looks the same as in the nominative.
Wir sprechen in der Sitzung über den neuen Plan.
We talk about the new plan in the meeting.
sprechen means to talk and der neue Plan means the new plan. In der Sitzung is dative for location, while über den neuen Plan is accusative because über means about in this fixed expression.
Das Ergebnis der Sitzung wird morgen bekannt gegeben.
The result of the meeting will be announced tomorrow.
das Ergebnis means result, morgen means tomorrow, and bekannt geben means announce. Der Sitzung is genitive because it identifies which meeting’s result; the passive verb is split between wird and gegeben.
In diesem Monat haben wir drei Sitzungen.
This month we have three meetings.
in diesem Monat means this month and drei means three. Drei Sitzungen is accusative after haben, and the plural ending is -en.
die Sprechstunde — consultation hour, office hours
die Sprechstunde is a set time for speaking with a professional, not necessarily one single hour. In a doctor’s practice, it can mean consultation hours when patients may come without a separate appointment.
Die Sprechstunde beginnt um neun Uhr.
The consultation hour begins at nine o’clock.
beginnt means begins, and um neun Uhr means at nine o’clock. Die Sprechstunde is nominative because it is the subject; the finite verb beginnt stands in position two.
Ich besuche die Sprechstunde am Dienstag.
I attend the consultation hour on Tuesday.
besuche means attend or visit, and am Dienstag means on Tuesday. die Sprechstunde is accusative because it is the direct object of besuchen; feminine die looks unchanged in this case.
Ich gehe in der Sprechstunde zum Arzt.
I go to the doctor during consultation hours.
gehe means go, and zum Arzt means to the doctor. in der Sprechstunde is dative because it describes when something happens, not movement into the consultation; in uses dative for a fixed setting.
Die Tür der Sprechstunde ist geschlossen.
The consultation-room door is closed.
die Tür is the door, and geschlossen means closed. der Sprechstunde is genitive and shows the door’s connection with the consultation; the feminine genitive article is der.
Die Sprechstunden der Ärzte sind voll.
The doctors’ consultation hours are full.
die Ärzte are the doctors, and voll means full or fully booked. Sprechstunden is plural; der Ärzte is genitive plural and means of the doctors.
der Stempel — stamp; stamp mark
A Stempel can mean the physical tool or the mark it makes. In everyday administration, einen Stempel bekommen means to receive an official stamp.
Der Stempel ist auf dem Formular.
The stamp is on the form.
das Formular means the form, and auf dem Formular means on the form. Der Stempel is nominative because it is the subject; dem Formular is dative because auf describes a fixed location.
Bitte setzen Sie den Stempel hierher.
Please put the stamp here.
setzen Sie means put or place, and hierher means here. Den Stempel is accusative because it is the object being placed; Bitte makes this a polite formal request.
Ich gebe dem Stempel neue Farbe.
I give the stamp new ink.
neue Farbe means new ink or colour, and geben means give. Dem Stempel is dative as the receiver, while neue Farbe is accusative as the thing given.
Der Rand des Stempels ist kaputt.
The edge of the stamp is broken.
der Rand means the edge, and kaputt means broken. Des Stempels is genitive because it shows which stamp the edge belongs to; ist stands in position two.
Die Stempel liegen neben dem Drucker.
The stamps are next to the printer.
liegen means lie or be located, and der Drucker means the printer. Stempel is plural because it refers to several stamps; dem Drucker is dative because neben expresses location.
der Streik — strike
Der Streik is a work stoppage used as a form of protest. The related verb is streiken, meaning to be on strike.
Der Streik beginnt morgen.
The strike starts tomorrow.
beginnt means starts and morgen means tomorrow. Der Streik is nominative because it is the subject, and the finite verb beginnt stands in position two.
Die Regierung fürchtet den Streik.
The government fears the strike.
die Regierung means the government and fürchtet means fears. Den Streik is accusative because fürchten takes a direct object; the masculine article changes from der to den.
Die Bürger leiden unter dem Streik.
The citizens are suffering because of the strike.
die Bürger means the citizens and leiden unter means suffer because of or under. Dem Streik is dative because unter governs dative here; the finite verb leiden is in position two.
Die Folgen des Streiks sind schwer.
The consequences of the strike are serious.
die Folgen means the consequences and schwer means serious or severe. Des Streiks is genitive because it identifies which consequences are meant; sind is the finite verb in position two.
Streiks können viele Menschen treffen.
Strikes can affect many people.
können means can, viele Menschen means many people, and treffen means affect or hit. Streiks is the plural subject; after the modal verb können, the infinitive treffen goes to the end.
streiken — to strike, to be on strike
Streiken means stopping work as a protest, usually for better pay or working conditions. It is often followed by für plus the accusative to state the demand, or gegen plus the accusative to state what the workers oppose.
Die Mitarbeiter streiken für mehr Lohn.
The employees are on strike for higher pay.
die Mitarbeiter means the employees, and mehr Lohn means higher pay. Für mehr Lohn is a prepositional phrase explaining the aim; streiken is in position two, and the verb does not take a direct object here.
Die Mitarbeiter haben gestern gestreikt.
The employees were on strike yesterday.
gestern means yesterday. The perfect uses haben plus gestreikt, and the Partizip II goes to the end; gestreikt is not formed with sein.
Die Beschäftigten streikten drei Tage lang.
The workers were on strike for three days.
die Beschäftigten means the employees or workers, and drei Tage lang means for three days. Streikten is the regular preterite form, with -te; the finite verb stands in position two.
Streik für bessere Arbeitsbedingungen!
Go on strike for better working conditions!
bessere Arbeitsbedingungen means better working conditions. Streik is the informal singular imperative with omitted du; für introduces the goal and takes the accusative.
Wenn sie mutiger wäre, streikte sie vielleicht länger.
If she were braver, she might strike for longer.
mutiger means braver, vielleicht means perhaps, and länger means for longer. The wenn clause puts wäre at the end, while streikte is Konjunktiv II in the main clause and expresses an unreal possibility.
Die Beschäftigten werden nächste Woche streiken.
The employees will go on strike next week.
nächste Woche means next week. Future uses werden plus the infinitive streiken at the end; the verb has no prefix to separate.
der Taxifahrer — taxi driver
Taxifahrer is a compound made from Taxi and Fahrer, meaning “driver”. Its plural is unchanged: der Taxifahrer, die Taxifahrer; in the genitive singular it takes -s: des Taxifahrers.
Der Taxifahrer kennt den Weg.
The taxi driver knows the way.
kennt means “knows”, and den Weg means “the way”. der Taxifahrer is nominative because it is the subject, while den Weg is accusative because kennen takes a direct object; the finite verb kennt stands in position two.
Ich frage den Taxifahrer nach dem Bahnhof.
I ask the taxi driver about the station.
ich frage means “I ask”, nach means “about/for”, and dem Bahnhof means “the station”. den Taxifahrer is accusative because fragen takes the person asked as its direct object, while nach forces the dative dem Bahnhof.
Wir geben dem Taxifahrer die Adresse.
We give the taxi driver the address.
wir geben means “we give”, and die Adresse means “the address”. dem Taxifahrer is dative because it is the recipient, while die Adresse is accusative as the thing given; the finite verb geben stands in position two.
Das Auto des Taxifahrers steht vor dem Haus.
The taxi driver's car is in front of the house.
das Auto means “the car”, steht means “is standing/is located”, and vor dem Haus means “in front of the house”. des Taxifahrers is genitive because it shows possession, and vor dem Haus uses the dative for a fixed location; the finite verb steht is in position two.
Viele Taxifahrer arbeiten nachts.
Many taxi drivers work at night.
viele means “many”, arbeiten means “work”, and nachts means “at night”. The plural Taxifahrer has the same form as the singular, so viele identifies the number; the finite verb arbeiten stands in position two.
der Techniker — technician; technical specialist
This word usually means a trained person who works with machines, devices or technical systems. It is a masculine noun; the feminine form is die Technikerin.
Der Techniker repariert den Drucker.
The technician is repairing the printer.
repariert means is repairing, and der Drucker is the printer. Der Techniker is nominative because it is the subject, while den Drucker is accusative because reparieren takes a direct object; the finite verb repariert is in position two.
Ich rufe den Techniker.
I am calling the technician.
rufe means call, and ich means I. Den Techniker is accusative because rufen takes a direct object; the finite verb rufe stands in position two.
Ich gebe dem Techniker den Schlüssel.
I give the technician the key.
gebe means give, and der Schlüssel is the key. Dem Techniker is dative because it is the recipient, while den Schlüssel is accusative because it is the thing given.
Das Auto des Technikers ist kaputt.
The technician’s car is broken.
das Auto means the car and kaputt means broken. Des Technikers is genitive because it shows possession; the masculine ending -s appears on the noun after des.
Die Techniker arbeiten heute zusammen.
The technicians are working together today.
arbeiten means are working, heute means today, and zusammen means together. Die Techniker is plural, but the noun has no ending change; the plural verb arbeiten and article die show the number.
die Technikerin — female technician
This is the feminine form of der Techniker. The plural ending is -innen, a common pattern for feminine job titles.
Die Technikerin prüft die Maschine.
The technician is checking the machine.
prüft means is checking, and die Maschine is the machine. Die Technikerin is nominative because it is the subject, while die Maschine is accusative because prüfen takes a direct object.
Wir brauchen die Technikerin.
We need the technician.
brauchen means need, and wir means we. Die Technikerin is accusative because brauchen takes a direct object; the feminine article die looks the same in nominative and accusative.
Wir helfen der Technikerin.
We help the technician.
helfen means help. Der Technikerin is dative because helfen always takes a dative person; the feminine article changes from die to der.
Das Werkzeug der Technikerin liegt hier.
The technician’s tools are here.
das Werkzeug means the tool and liegt hier means is here. Der Technikerin is genitive because it shows possession; the feminine noun itself does not change.
Die Technikerinnen arbeiten im Labor.
The technicians are working in the laboratory.
arbeiten means are working, das Labor is the laboratory, and im means in the. Technikerinnen forms the plural with -innen, and im Labor is dative because it describes a fixed location.
der Tischler — cabinetmaker, carpenter
A Tischler makes or repairs furniture from wood. In some regions, especially in Germany, der Schreiner is also used for this job.
Der Tischler baut einen Schrank.
The cabinetmaker is building a cupboard.
bauen means to build and der Schrank means cupboard. Der Tischler is nominative because it is the subject; the finite verb baut stands in position two.
Wir rufen den Tischler an.
We are calling the cabinetmaker.
anrufen means to call, and wir means we. Den Tischler is accusative because it is the direct object of anrufen; the separable verb appears as rufen ... an, with an at the end.
Ich spreche mit dem Tischler.
I am speaking with the cabinetmaker.
sprechen means to speak and mit means with. Dem Tischler is dative because mit always takes the dative; the verb spreche is in position two.
Das Werkzeug des Tischlers ist neu.
The cabinetmaker's tools are new.
das Werkzeug means tool, neu means new, and ist means is. Des Tischlers is genitive because it shows who owns the tool; this masculine noun adds -s in the genitive.
Die Tischler arbeiten in der Werkstatt.
The cabinetmakers work in the workshop.
arbeiten means work and die Werkstatt means workshop. Tischler is both the singular stem and the plural form; the plural is understood from die and the verb arbeiten.
der Traktor — tractor
Traktor is mainly used for a farm tractor. Its plural is irregular in shape: Traktoren, not Traktors.
Der Traktor steht auf dem Feld.
The tractor is standing in the field.
steht means is standing and das Feld is the field. Der Traktor is nominative because it is the subject; auf dem Feld uses the dative because it describes a fixed location.
Der Bauer fährt den Traktor in die Scheune.
The farmer drives the tractor into the barn.
der Bauer is the farmer and die Scheune is the barn. den Traktor is accusative because fahren takes an object here; in die Scheune is accusative because in expresses movement into a place.
Der Bauer arbeitet mit dem Traktor.
The farmer works with the tractor.
der Bauer means the farmer and arbeitet means works. mit always takes the dative, so dem Traktor is dative; the finite verb arbeitet is in position two.
Die Farbe des Traktors ist grün.
The tractor’s colour is green.
die Farbe means the colour and grün means green. des Traktors is genitive because it shows which vehicle the colour belongs to; the masculine noun takes -s in this form.
Auf dem Hof stehen zwei Traktoren.
There are two tractors standing in the farmyard.
der Hof is the farmyard and zwei means two. zwei Traktoren is plural and nominative because it is the subject; the initial location phrase comes first, so stehen follows it in position two.
das Unternehmen — company, business; undertaking, venture
The capitalised noun Unternehmen means a company or business; it is distinct from the lowercase verb unternehmen, “to undertake or do”. The plural is unchanged: das Unternehmen, die Unternehmen.
Das Unternehmen verkauft Möbel.
The company sells furniture.
verkaufen means to sell, and Möbel means furniture. Das Unternehmen is nominative because it is the subject; the finite verb verkauft stands in position two.
Wir besuchen das Unternehmen morgen.
We are visiting the company tomorrow.
besuchen means to visit, and morgen means tomorrow. Das Unternehmen is accusative because it is the direct object of besuchen; the neuter article das looks the same in nominative and accusative.
Die Bank gibt dem Unternehmen einen Kredit.
The bank gives the company a loan.
die Bank is the bank, and einen Kredit is a loan. Dem Unternehmen is dative because it is the recipient of gibt, while einen Kredit is the accusative thing given.
Der Chef des Unternehmens spricht heute im Radio.
The company’s boss is speaking on the radio today.
der Chef means the boss, and im Radio means on the radio. Des Unternehmens is genitive to show possession; the neuter noun adds -s, and the finite verb spricht is in position two.
Viele Unternehmen suchen neue Mitarbeiter.
Many companies are looking for new employees.
viele means many, and neue Mitarbeiter means new employees. Unternehmen is plural without a changed ending; neue Mitarbeiter is accusative because suchen takes a direct object.
Die Expedition war ein schwieriges Unternehmen.
The expedition was a difficult undertaking.
die Expedition is the expedition, and schwierig means difficult. Ein schwieriges Unternehmen is a noun phrase after war describing the subject, so it is nominative rather than an object.
Dieses Unternehmen kostet viel Zeit und Geld.
This venture takes a lot of time and money.
dieses means this, and viel Zeit und Geld means a lot of time and money. Dieses Unternehmen is the nominative subject; Zeit und Geld are accusative objects of kostet.
verbessern — to improve, to correct
verbessern usually takes an accusative object: you improve etwas. The reflexive form sich verbessern means to get better, and the verb uses haben in the perfect.
Ich verbessere meinen Text.
I am improving my text.
meinen Text means my text, and verbessere means improve. meinen Text is accusative because verbessern takes an accusative object; the finite verb verbessere is in position two.
Wir haben unsere Aussprache verbessert.
We have improved our pronunciation.
unsere Aussprache means our pronunciation. The perfect uses haben plus verbessert, and the participle goes to the end; unsere Aussprache is accusative after verbessern.
Die neue Methode verbesserte das Ergebnis.
The new method improved the result.
Die neue Methode means the new method, and das Ergebnis means the result. verbesserte is the regular simple-past form in position two, while das Ergebnis is accusative as the object.
Verbessere bitte deinen Satz.
Please improve your sentence.
bitte means please, and deinen Satz means your sentence. The imperative verbessere has no subject pronoun; deinen Satz is accusative because it is the object.
Wenn ich mehr üben würde, verbesserte ich mich schneller.
If I practised more, I would improve faster.
mehr üben means practise more, and schneller means faster. This sentence uses würde with the infinitive in the subordinate clause; in the main clause, verbesserte is Konjunktiv II and mich is the accusative reflexive pronoun.
Mit regelmäßigem Training wird er seine Zeit verbessern.
With regular training, he will improve his time.
Mit regelmäßigem Training means with regular training, and seine Zeit means his time. Future uses wird plus verbessern at the end; mit takes the dative, while seine Zeit is accusative.
verdienen — to earn; to deserve
Verdienen has two common meanings: to receive payment and to be worthy of something. The perfect uses haben: hat verdient.
Er verdient gutes Geld.
He earns good money.
gutes Geld means good money or a good income. Gutes Geld is accusative because verdienen takes the money earned as a direct object, and verdient stands in position two.
Sie hat viel Geld verdient.
She earned a lot of money.
viel Geld means a lot of money, and hat ... verdient means earned. Viel Geld is accusative; the auxiliary hat is in position two and the Partizip II verdient closes the clause.
Mein Vater verdiente früher wenig.
My father used to earn little.
mein Vater means my father, früher means formerly or in the past, and wenig means little. Verdiente is the regular simple past and stands in position two; wenig is an amount, not an accusative noun here.
Verdien endlich dein eigenes Geld!
Finally earn your own money!
endlich means finally, and dein eigenes Geld means your own money. Verdien is the du imperative without a pronoun, and dein eigenes Geld is accusative as the direct object.
Ich verdiente mehr, wenn ich Vollzeit arbeitete.
I would earn more if I worked full-time.
mehr means more, wenn means if, and Vollzeit means full-time. The sentence uses a past form in a conditional meaning; wenn sends arbeitete to the end of its clause, while verdiente is in position two in the main clause.
Du wirst bald mehr verdienen.
You will soon earn more.
bald means soon, and mehr means more. Wirst is the finite auxiliary in position two, while the infinitive verdienen goes to the end of the future-tense clause.
Er verdient eine Belohnung.
He deserves a reward.
eine Belohnung means a reward. In this meaning verdienen takes an accusative object, and verdient stands in position two.
die Vereinbarung — agreement, arrangement
Eine Vereinbarung is a planned agreement, often made after discussion; it is more formal than simply saying ein Plan. The common phrase eine Vereinbarung treffen means to reach an agreement.
Die Vereinbarung gilt ab morgen.
The agreement is valid from tomorrow.
ab morgen means from tomorrow, and gilt means is valid or applies. Die Vereinbarung is nominative because it is the subject; the finite verb gilt stands in position two.
Wir unterschreiben die Vereinbarung heute.
We are signing the agreement today.
unterschreiben means to sign, and heute means today. Die Vereinbarung is accusative because unterschreiben takes a direct object; the finite verb unterschreiben stands in position two.
Wir folgen der Vereinbarung nicht.
We are not following the agreement.
folgen means to follow, and nicht means not. Der Vereinbarung is dative because the verb folgen governs the dative, not the accusative; the finite verb stands in position two.
Die Bedingungen der Vereinbarung sind klar.
The conditions of the agreement are clear.
die Bedingungen means the conditions, and klar means clear. Der Vereinbarung is genitive because it shows whose conditions they are; the finite verb sind stands in position two.
Die Vereinbarungen gelten für alle Länder.
The agreements apply to all countries.
gelten means apply or are valid, and alle Länder means all countries. Die Vereinbarungen is plural and nominative because it is the subject; für takes the accusative in alle Länder.
der Vertrag — contract, agreement; treaty
Der Vertrag is a formal agreement, especially one that is signed. Common verbs are einen Vertrag unterschreiben, abschließen, and kündigen.
Der Vertrag ist ab morgen gültig.
The contract is valid from tomorrow.
ab morgen means from tomorrow, and gültig means valid. Der Vertrag is nominative because it is the subject; ist is the finite verb in position two, and gültig is a predicate adjective.
Wir unterschreiben den Vertrag.
We are signing the contract.
unterschreiben means sign. Den Vertrag is accusative because unterschreiben takes the document being signed as a direct object; the masculine article changes from der to den.
Die Firma bietet dem Vertrag eine neue Klausel an.
The company offers the contract a new clause.
die Firma means the company, eine neue Klausel means a new clause, and anbieten means offer. Dem Vertrag is dative as the recipient or reference point, while eine neue Klausel is accusative; the separable verb appears as bietet ... an.
Die Bedingungen des Vertrags sind klar.
The terms of the contract are clear.
die Bedingungen means the terms or conditions, and klar means clear. Des Vertrags is genitive to show which contract the terms belong to; die Bedingungen is the plural nominative subject of sind.
Die Verträge liegen auf dem Tisch.
The contracts are lying on the table.
liegen means are lying, and auf dem Tisch means on the table. Die Verträge is the plural subject, formed with -e and an umlaut; auf dem Tisch is dative because it describes a fixed location.
Die beiden Länder unterzeichnen einen Vertrag.
The two countries are signing a treaty.
die beiden Länder means the two countries, and unterzeichnen means sign officially. Einen Vertrag is accusative because it is the document being signed; unterzeichnen stands in position two.
Der Friedensvertrag beendet den Krieg.
The peace treaty ends the war.
der Friedensvertrag means the peace treaty, beendet means ends, and der Krieg means the war. Der Friedensvertrag is nominative as the subject, while den Krieg is accusative as the object of beenden.
der Vorgänger — predecessor, previous version
der Vorgänger can describe a person who held a position before someone else or an earlier version of a thing. Its plural is die Vorgänger, with no ending change; the opposite is der Nachfolger.
Mein Vorgänger war sehr beliebt.
My predecessor was very popular.
mein means my, and beliebt means popular. Mein Vorgänger is nominative because it is the subject; the finite verb war stands in position two.
Ich kenne den Vorgänger nicht.
I do not know the predecessor.
kennen means to know a person or thing, and nicht means not. Den Vorgänger is accusative because it is the object of kenne; the negation nicht comes at the end in this short sentence.
Ich danke meinem Vorgänger für die Hilfe.
I thank my predecessor for the help.
danken means to thank, and die Hilfe means the help. Meinem Vorgänger is dative because danken takes a dative person; für die Hilfe uses accusative after für.
Die Arbeit meines Vorgängers war schwierig.
My predecessor’s work was difficult.
die Arbeit means the work, and schwierig means difficult. Meines Vorgängers is genitive and means ‘of my predecessor’; the noun adds -s in the genitive singular.
Die Vorgänger dieser Maschine waren teurer.
The predecessors of this machine were more expensive.
dieser Maschine means of this machine, and teurer means more expensive. Die Vorgänger is plural and has no ending change; waren shows the plural, while dieser Maschine is a genitive-like possessive phrase.
der Werktag — working day
Der Werktag normally means a day on which people work, especially Monday to Saturday. In everyday speech, Arbeitstag can also mean a person's individual working day.
Am Werktag stehe ich früh auf.
On a working day, I get up early.
früh means early, and aufstehen means to get up. Am Werktag is dative because an means a time when something happens here; the separable verb aufstehen has its finite part in position two and its prefix at the end.
Ich arbeite jeden Werktag.
I work every working day.
jeden means every, and arbeiten means to work. Jeden Werktag is an accusative time expression; the finite verb arbeite stands in position two.
An Werktagen fährt der Bus nur selten.
On working days, the bus runs only rarely.
der Bus is the bus, and selten means rarely. An Werktagen is dative plural because an expresses a time here; fährt is in position two, while nur means only.
Die Länge des Werktags ist gesetzlich geregelt.
The length of the working day is regulated by law.
die Länge means the length, and gesetzlich geregelt means regulated by law. Des Werktags is genitive because it identifies the working day whose length is meant; the finite verb ist is in position two.
Die Werktage sind oft anstrengend.
Working days are often tiring.
oft means often, and anstrengend means tiring. Werktage is plural nominative because it is the subject; the plural article is die, and sind stands in position two.
das Whiteboard — whiteboard
Das Whiteboard hängt vorne im Klassenzimmer.
The whiteboard is hanging at the front of the classroom.
hängt means is hanging, vorne means at the front, and das Klassenzimmer means the classroom. Das Whiteboard is nominative because it is the subject; im Klassenzimmer is dative after the location preposition in.
Die Lehrerin putzt das Whiteboard.
The teacher cleans the whiteboard.
die Lehrerin means the female teacher, and putzt means cleans. Das Whiteboard is accusative because putzen takes a direct object; the neuter article stays das in both nominative and accusative.
Wir schreiben auf dem Whiteboard.
We write on the whiteboard.
schreiben means write. Dem Whiteboard is dative because auf describes a fixed location here, not movement; auf takes the accusative for movement onto something but the dative for location.
Die Farbe des Whiteboards ist nicht mehr sauber.
The surface of the whiteboard is no longer clean.
die Farbe means the colour or surface, and nicht mehr sauber means no longer clean. Des Whiteboards is genitive to show which whiteboard the surface belongs to; the neuter genitive uses des and -s.
In den Räumen stehen neue Whiteboards.
There are new whiteboards in the rooms.
in den Räumen means in the rooms, and neue means new. Whiteboards is plural with the ending -s; den Räumen is dative plural because in expresses location.
der Wissenschaftler — scientist, male scientist
der Wissenschaftler is a masculine noun for a scientist; the feminine form is die Wissenschaftlerin. Its plural has no ending change, and its genitive singular takes -s.
Der Wissenschaftler arbeitet im Labor.
The scientist works in the laboratory.
arbeitet means “works,” and im Labor means “in the laboratory.” Wissenschaftler is the nominative subject, and im is short for in dem, with the dative used for location.
Ich sehe den Wissenschaftler.
I see the scientist.
sehe means “see.” Den Wissenschaftler is accusative because sehen takes a direct object; this noun has the same ending in the nominative and accusative singular.
Ich spreche mit dem Wissenschaftler.
I am speaking with the scientist.
spreche means “speak,” and mit means “with.” Mit forces the dative, shown by dem; the noun itself remains Wissenschaftler in this case.
Das Buch des Wissenschaftlers liegt auf dem Tisch.
The scientist's book is on the table.
das Buch means “the book,” liegt means “lies,” and auf dem Tisch means “on the table.” Des Wissenschaftlers is genitive to show possession, and this noun adds -s in that case.
Die Wissenschaftler diskutieren über das Ergebnis.
The scientists are discussing the result.
diskutieren means “discuss,” and das Ergebnis means “the result.” Wissenschaftler has no plural ending, so the article die and the verb diskutieren show that it is plural.
die Wissenschaftlerin — female scientist, woman scientist
die Wissenschaftlerin is the feminine form of der Wissenschaftler. The plural is formed with -innen, a standard pattern for feminine nouns ending in -in.
Die Wissenschaftlerin erklärt das Experiment.
The scientist explains the experiment.
erklärt means “explains,” and das Experiment means “the experiment.” Wissenschaftlerin is the nominative subject, while das Experiment is the accusative object of erklären.
Die Zeitung interviewt die Wissenschaftlerin.
The newspaper interviews the scientist.
die Zeitung means “the newspaper,” and interviewt means “interviews.” Die Wissenschaftlerin is accusative because interviewen takes a direct object; the feminine article looks the same in the nominative and accusative.
Ich danke der Wissenschaftlerin.
I thank the scientist.
danke means “thank.” The verb danken always takes the dative, so der Wissenschaftlerin is dative; feminine nouns do not change their ending here.
Die Forschung der Wissenschaftlerin ist beeindruckend.
The scientist's research is impressive.
die Forschung means “the research,” and beeindruckend means “impressive.” Der Wissenschaftlerin is genitive to show possession, and the feminine noun itself keeps the form Wissenschaftlerin.
Die Wissenschaftlerinnen arbeiten an einem neuen Projekt.
The female scientists are working on a new project.
arbeiten means “work,” an means “on,” and einem neuen Projekt means “a new project.” Wissenschaftlerinnen is the plural subject; an takes the dative here because it describes work on a subject rather than movement.